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Freedom In India

Terrorisim in India

Friday 3 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

Terrorisim in India

TERRORISM could be the best tool or toy the arrogant states could employ to terrorize innocent people. It has become an international norm to emulate the Western and Indian media reporting and make analyses strictly according to their mindsets; any deviation or diversion from the “usual” ways is resisted and badly condemned by their global agents. My views not conforming to Indian or US media modes are, therefore, have not been digested by a few select Hindu friends who other wise read me regularly wherever I manage to get them published. On Mumbai terrorism, some of the criticism made by them is as horrible as the terrorist acts themselves. They are unable to stand my stubbornly refusing to attack Pakistan as the Indian and US media religiously do, or as the Israeli media elaborately decode the “Islamic terrorism” in their own ways. From the expressions these Indians make about my observations on Mumbai Nov26 reveal a possibility that some of them have just escaped from some mental hospital without completing the treatment. I only pity them.

Indians have again proved they are the best chess players and the high precision shooters. Most probably, the Indian strategists and media were keen to trace the terror links freedom fighting Kashmiris and to trap some more “Afzals” under Mumbai terrorism category and delay the freedom movement. Some how, that strategy did not work this time around. And Kashmiris are to that extent safe, though they are harassed every where.

Considering the Muslims as cheap, US-led Western powers and their Eastern allies like Israel and India harp on terrorism to terrorize the Muslims and deny what is their due in the ever-growing development of global economy. Generally, the terrorism acts look formidable and real because of the heavy death tolls and media hype to terrorize the innocent people by making them believe that some private Muslims- terrorists, supported by a few Islamic states, alone are responsible for this ghastly terror affair.

Indian Strategy of unleashing terror on innocent Muslims directly or in a proxy manner has indeed worked very well so far in its favor, because Hindus rule and control Indian system and could easily ruin any one it does not like. India is a known terrorist state with its continuous genocide of innocent Kashmiris in their own lands now under Indian occupation. Although only recently the world has come to know about involvement of Hindus and their organizations as well as military agencies in terrorist activities to defame Islam and kill Muslims, these nefarious activities have been going on for decades since Indian separatists got independence from UK . The terrorist acts in Indian towns are the hidden strategies of Indian majority people to deny any benefits to Muslims and malign neighboring nations on account of terrorists.

Mumbai mayhem reveals glitteringly that terrorism ploy could help the colonialists and imperialist nations to advance their global interests. Cash-rich India wants dominate world affairs, influence the world organizations, retain Jammu Kashmir under military occupation, and kill Muslims, especially the Kashmiris without any trials once they are brought to its terror custody. In the name of “law & order’, Muslims all over the country are arrested and jailed on the eve of anniversary of demolition of grand Babri Mosque by the militant Hindu Jihads, while Kashmiri Muslims struggling for their sovereignty back form occupier India are being persecuted, tortured and killed on their own lands, Kashmir. India needs no obstructions to their killing of Muslims either in jails or outside. Under the cover of Mumbai terrorism and as pressed by Indian media-cum-intelligence, Indian government is on its way to pass a law to deny the Muslims the right to bail.

The kinds of inflammatory articles being arranged for publication by global media magnets are notorious for their insights and analysis. These days only the US-led nations like Israel and India are capable of inform the world about what is happening, how and why. The entire burden of their arguments are to show how bad the Muslims, the so-called “terrorists”. When the so-called democracies say something people tend to believe, after all the USA does not tell lie so are the Hindus and Israelis, they think. India media has made it point to equate terrorists with Muslims as if Muslims are terrorists and they should be brutally killed.

After suspecting Pakistan for its possible involvement in Mumbai terror, the USA now has cleared PakistanUSA makes a statement it becomes an international law. It is no more a secret strategy of India that it seeks international, especially the American, sympathy on terrorism plank, essentially when New Delhi has been for quite some time making all out efforts for coming closer to USA and other big powers, by focusing on terrorism acts. And exactly the Mumbai terrorism ploy India is keen to utilize officially to claim a seat on the notorious UNSC. off any such involvement. When

State Terrorism in “innocent” India

Even after killing thousands of innocent Kashmiris, destroying the grand Babri Mosque and torturing Indian Muslims in jails after the fall of Babri Mosque, India still calls itself a peace-loving nation, a secular democracy every body else a terrorist state. While presenting a false image abroad as peace loving and “terror victim” nation, India indeed is problem for the neighborhood. India ’s neighbors have been subjected to its hegemony and intimidating behaviour. Now as a terror prone state, India has become a threat to the security of its neighborhoods. Entire South Asia region is insecure now. The moment the Mumbai terror attack commenced, without wasting a single breath, Indian media, its establishment and political leadership, in unison, as if following a printed script, began not only blaming Pakistan for the attack, but started threatening war. Indian media have helped their government to unleash hatred on Pakistanis. By using some self-centered Muslims to write ugly things about Muslims and praise Indianness and Indian greatness, etc, which by itself is vulture culture and vulgar, they tell the West that Muslims are pretty happy in Hindu’s country.

India has been in constant tough not only with US-led terrorist west, but also Israel that kills Muslims in its vicinity. Indian media still harp on the “trained terrorists” from Pakistan as a ploy to bully the Muslims in India , Kashmir, Pakistan and Bangladesh and else where. India , as usual, calls Pakistan , Bangladesh and Nepal as terrorist laboratories to train terrorists against India . Indian terrorism experts repeatedly ask Indian forces to wage a war with Pakistan , just as the Neocons do in Washington pressing for Iranian invasion before Bush leaves the scene from behind.

India very effectively played its part in Mumbai terrorism by comparing it with Sept11 of the USA . By dong so India is sending a message to US-Israel combine that it is a genuine and natural ally they can trust in future joint operations. The western powers want to influence the church by making Islam appear to be a terrorist religion. By terrorizing humanity in the name of terrorism, they want to fix a terrible problem in their own religious community. Sept11 “suspected” are coerced to seek guilty. Something similar to this is what the Indo-US service personnel have in mind to do before closing the file.

Today the globalizing world is geared to accept any thing the anti-Islamic global media say about Islam and Muslims. The terrorism stories they manufacture to feed the developing world just laugh at Muslims make the non-Muslims persecute Muslims, terrorize them and spread all sorts of rumors about them; essentially all this is being done meticulously to insult Muslims and defame Islam. By emulating the US style rhetoric, IndiaPakistan is not ruled out. In a tactical move, Indian authorities have included in the list of 20, some people wanted by the USA to make a common cause between two strategic partners. Incidentally the list of 20 people is not new. It is the same which India presented in 1993 and 2002. India would continue to press for its demand and Pakistan would not hand over any one till evidence beyond any reasonable doubt of involvement of any Pakistani is presented to it. has said that all options are on table and military action against

Indian media say Taj terrorists are hiding in Pakistan . Indian media generally come to know about what happens to Hindus the world around and who occupies what position and who is harassed where, etc. But what atrocities Indians do in India, Kashmir and else where are not made available to these “innocent” media magnets. Not even what the Indian terror forces do with Kashmiris in Kashmir, men, old and young, women and children. So obviously what India does to Pakistanis in Pakistan does not find any place in Indian media.

Recent debates have exposed the tyrannical state regimes engaged in terrorism activities. The Malegaon blast case has totally tarnished the self importance image of Hindus and now they talk about” terrorism has no religion” from the earlier stand that “Hindus are not terrorists, but only Muslims are so” they revised their position by stating that terrorism has no religion; Encouraged by this official Hindu view, even Muslims write that terrorism has no religion and all terrorists are not Muslims. And the stuff like that makes Indian secularism rather “vibrant” for foreigners. A fear complex terrifies Indian Muslims and that is the fact.

India for a long time enjoyed the global sympathy by spreading false news about Islamic terrorism in IndiaIndia and around. Slowly many more stunning facts got revealed and it has been proved that the Indian military which essentially functions under the Pentagon is also involved in Indian terrorist activities. Self-styled godman Dayanand Pandey has emerged as one of the key persons in the Malegaon blast case. During his narco analysis test, he had revealed that it was sadhvi Pragya Singh who had allegedly masterminded the Malegaon blasts. He also mentions during the test that he had introduced the sadhvi to Lt Col Purohit who in turn allegedly helped in undertaking the attack. The question now is how did Pandey get in touch with Purohit and what is the association between these two men. During the test conducted on Pandey at Bangalore last week, he goes on to explain as to how he got in touch with Purohit. In a state of trance, Pandey reveals that while working for the Indian Air Force, he got in touch with Purohit who was in the military intelligence at that time. He said both of them came close as they worked in the Marathwada region. However, Pandey was sacked from service due as he had committed some irregularities. Later, he went on to start an ashram. He reveals that that in the ashram, he sheltered several boys. Investigating agencies claim that some of the boys were anti social elements and used to work for Pandey. Joshi is the same man, the sadhvi claims she sold her two-wheeler to. The same two-wheeler was used in the Malegaon blasts, which claimed six lives. Pandey states that he got to know of Pragya after she had taken sanyas. The self-styled godman says this was when the plan was hatched to carry out a strike. According to Pandey, the plan was hatched and each one was assigned a different role. While Pandey coordinated the attack, Sadhvi was in charge of planting the bombs while Purohit took care of assembling the bombs and arranging the explosives, Pandey further revealed to a startled investigating team. Purohit too had revealed during his narco analysis test that he had sought the help of local persons in Malegaon to assemble the bombs. The “material” was brought in from Jammu and later stored in Pune. The rest is already history and Pakistan is beng blamed for the Indian terrorism. and Hindus being the “victims”. In fact many western columnists shed tears over their anti-Islamic format of writings. Then all of a sudden the world woke to the fact that Hindus are the terrorists in

Thus, a combined gang of Hindu religious and military and anti-Islamic militant forces are fully engaged in terrorist activities and the media-cum-intelligence would pass on he bam on Muslims. Finally the judiciary, taking clues form Media reports, pass their own pro-Hindu judgments.

Fake Sept 11 Trials: Former President Bush won his send term by using Islamic terrorism plank. By opening secret prisons across the world, Bush convinced the Americans of severity of “Islamic terrorism”. During the current presidential poll, terrorism occupied the top slot in debates. Neocons still harp on terrorism plank. The US-led terror forces that control the judicial process at Guantanamo Bay, where Muslims are being tortured in the name of investigation, seem to coerce those in secret prisons to make confessions of involvement for winding up the cases in US favor. No one knows for sure why the terror forces have picked up those in jails. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a Pakistani, the self-styled “mastermind of the terror attacks” and four co-defendants said they wanted to confess in a note to a military judge at Guantanamo Bay. Mohammed and four others – Ramzi Binalshibh, Mustafa Ahmed al Hawsawi, Walid bin Attash and Ali Abdul Aziz Ali – were charged earlier this year with conspiring with al-Qaeda to kill civilians. Although in which way these people were involved in the Sept11 which is seen mainly as the US ploy to retain NATO and attack Islamic regime Afghanistan with Russian help. They face 2,973 counts of murder, one for each person killed when al Qaeda militants crashed hijacked airliners into the World Trade Center , the Pentagon and a Pennsylvania field. They however said in an earlier hearing that they welcomed martyrdom.

The judge, Colonel Steven Henley, said he would question them “from A to Z” to ensure they understood the impact of their decision, which could see them face the death penalty. He read from the defendants’ note, which began: “We, all five, have reached an agreement to request from the commission an immediate hearing session in order to announce our confessions … with our earnest desire in this regard without being under any kind of pressure, threat, intimidations or promise from any party.” The note said all five wish to withdraw all pending motions filed by their military-appointed lawyers, whom they do not trust and have tried to fire. “I do not trust any Americans,” Mohammed said in English during an appearance before the judge. Obviously, how could they trust the global terrorists?

Of course, any terrorism trial is bound to be a farce since terrorism is being caused by the nuclear powers like USA, India and Israel . Saddam’s cruel murder in Iraq has vividly showcased what is store for Muslims in the world today, if they oppose anti-Islamic phobia. US-led terror nations depend too much on their loyal global media for propaganda war. The media have done yeomen service to USA in the anti-Islamic campaigns. Trials and judgments all would have to follow USA approach against Islam.

Official Story about Mumbai terrorism : Having fixed their focus on Pakistan , Indian sources fabricated some “facts” and some other “evidence” to book Pakistanis first, before lay8ng hands on others. According to sources in the Mumbai police, coastguard, and commandos, a ship carried the terrorists from Karachi to Indian side where bots were hired; the trawler was taken over at sea by at least 10 young men, aged between 20 and 23 years, carrying backpacks and bags, Investigators still do not know what the men were sailing on and where they were coming from when they took over the trawler – though suspicion has fallen on the Pakistani port city of Karachi. What they do know is that the men tied up one of the crew in the trawler’s engine room, and slit his throat. The abandoned trawler was found by Indian coastguard ships more than three nautical miles off Mumbai. When coastguards boarded the vessel, they found the dead crew member, plus a satellite phone and GPS tracker that possibly belonged to the trawler’s crew.

Investigators told the BBC that the tracker showed “a return mapping for Karachi “, leading to speculation that the men who attacked Mumbai had planned to return in the same trawler. A ferry doing about 20 knots can cover the 506-nautical mile distance between Karachi and Mumbai in a little over 24 hours. After abandoning the trawler, the men opened the inflatable dinghies they were carrying and sailed into Mumbai waters early on 26 November, a little more than 10 hours before the attack, investigators say. An abandoned dinghy has been recovered in the sea off one of the many fishing colonies which dot the city’s coast. One of the top investigating officers told the BBC that the gunmen – nine were eventually killed and one arrested – split up into four groups and took the city’s rickety black-and-yellow Fiat taxis from the fishing colony at Cuffe Parade to some of the locations they planned to attack. They say the men left grenades or bombs inside the taxis before they got out. The taxis exploded soon after, killing two drivers and one bystander.

Indian official fiction equals the American stuff. Indian media pointed to Karachi as the source of Mumbai terrorism. From Deccan Mujahidin, the intelligence controlled media quickly switched to Pakistan as a safe space to point an accusing finger. India then said enemy came form Karachi for terrorism in India though on Indian Ocean enemy could come from any direction and far from the South Asia region. It is mind boggling that how these could invisible eleven could came from Karachi to Mumbai after crossing 21 Indian radars in a journey of 50 hours. But Indian Ocean links Mumbai not just with Karachi ; it goes beyond Asia , into other continents. Any ordinary map would show that. The usual blame game of India accusing Pakistan of any terror experiments in India continues with a view to destroying the evidence s in India . From 26 for a week Indian media quite aptly confused the world as much as they could while Indian intelligence wings were seen busy with removing any cues of the terrorism.

Mumbai coastline is intensely monitored twenty four hours by high tech helicopters, hovercrafts, speed boats and vassals equipped with latest surveillance electronic gadgets .Every boat and ship entering Indian coastline is scanned. Even a small fishing boat crossing littoral waters is intercepted in minutes. The Indian radars can monitor activity of any vassal leaving far beyond Karachi – as far as Gawadar. Indian media have generated news to keep the emotionally struck Indian and global masses in good humors.

The first round of attacks took place around the Chhatrapati Shivaji Railway Terminus or the Victoria Terminus, when gunmen entered the platforms and fired on people indiscriminately. They walked out of the station after the carnage, and shot three policemen and fired at journalists gathered near a cinema to record the event. Then they took a police van and drove off. A flat tyre forced the gunmen to abandon the police van. The men then stole a Skoda car and drove towards the seafront Marine Drive , just as the other groups of gunmen were attacking a cafe, two luxury hotels and a Jewish cultural centre. The story goes saying that as the Skoda took a zigzag route through the streets of Mumbai, the men inside opened fire in several locations – including at the Cama and Albless hospital for women and children.

Police say they intercepted the Skoda on the seafront and shot at it, killing one of the gunmen and arresting the other. Twenty-one-year-old Azam Amir Qasab, who police say is from Pakistan ’s Punjab province, is now the investigators’ key to unraveling the planning that went into the attacks. Commandos who fought early pitched battles with the gunmen in the two luxury hotels, the Taj Mahal and Oberoi Trident, say that the lithe attackers moved quickly from room to room and climbed up and down floors to throw them off tracks. The gunmen set fire to curtains and threw grenades to distract the commandos, according to federal commando chief JK Dutt. “We found a lot of unexploded grenades inside the hotel. They damaged a lot of property. It was senseless violence,” he said. They also found lots of dry fruits, Indian and American currency, ammunition and fake Mumbai college student identity cards in the bags the gunmen had left behind during the attacks. “We are checking whether the gunmen had any local support. But what we are sure is that they were not from India, and had trained in and were carrying stuff – AK-56, AK-47 and 9mm revolvers and hand grenades possibly of Chinese make,” said an investigator.

Indo-Global media scheming

The efficiency of global media in churning out analyses in connivance and tune with the views intelligence and government authorities is proved whenever a terrorist makes news. These vibrant media have a lot of stuff cooked up and cut to the needs of the state machinery to feed the public and mould their opinion and mindset. The full cooperation and complete obedience are taken for granted by global governments and intelligence. Mumbai terrorism has once again given another opportunity to prove their anti-Islamic credentials.

The intelligence wings of Indo-US have been harping on ‘gathering” information about the Mumbai terrorism to fix, if not Pakistan , at east one of the Islamic groups or random individuals for the terror attacks and close the files. Indian agencies are churning out new materials for that. New details have been slowly emerging about the early stages of the Mumbai terror attacks. The story of the Mumbai terror attacks likely began when a private fishing trawler with five crew members set sail on the Arabian Sea off the coast of Porbandar in India ’s western Gujarat state on 13 November.

Pressed by Indian intelligence and media to go for a war with “little” Pakistan , India has begun provocative maneuvers on Pakistan air space. Pakistan has said two Indian warplanes violated its airspace on 13 Dec and they flew up to 7.4km into the Lahore and Azad Kashmir sectors, sources said. Indian Air Force spokesman denied the allegation and perhaps it does not want a real war with Pakistan , a nuclear power and a major non-NATO ally because NATO would take steps to protect its ally by all means. India ’s foreign minister denied making a “threatening” phone call that prompted Pakistan to put its forces on alert, the call was a hoax. Pakistan Information Minister Sherry Rehman said Pakistan ’s air force remained “on alert and ready to face any eventuality, but we do not expect this to escalate. There is no need for alarm.” Pakistani jets had responded, forcing the Indian aircraft to turn back.

Pakistan, under cross border compulsions, got sucked into the Afghan trouble back in December 1979 when the Red Army and Soviet troops occupied that country. Pakistan often, obediently, offers its mercenary services to Western countries, but this one has, by now, gone on for an atrocious three decades. Pakistan ’s US services have, by now, brought Pakistan to ruin — and put a question mark on its very existence. The US had dubbed that fight against Soviets as “Islamic jihad,” but in fact it was a war between two superpowers — Washington and Moscow . Hindu terror attack in Pakistan received no mention in Indian media. Three Pakistanis died in Peshawar and Lahore during violent street protests against Danish cartoons that had satirized the Prophet Muhammad. More such mass protests followed weeks later. But more Pakistanis die to defend their own lands from foreign invaders.

Mumbai Nov 26 was a disastrous act of terror and did affect the international community psyche. India is quite eager to compare the domestic terrorist actions with Sept11 and take mileage for its notorious actions domestically. The international community was looking at the issue of own home grown Indian terrorists. The Indian government is trying its best to get maximum benefit and advantage on Mumbai Nov26 from the international community as well as create a nationalistic fervor towards itself. Why India is employing all propaganda tactics to get attention and help from the West and US. Immediately the attention is diverted by the intelligence controlled Indian medial from the Army officers and men involved in terrorism. The bad name and negative image of the army was creating problems as the people were becoming aware of realities. The morale of Indian army was also low. The Indian political parties are going to cash on the issue of terrorism. The Government will try to derive full mileage in this context.

Islamabad has been blamed as a “non-state actor” for the attacks and has vowed to cooperate with investigations, but has also repeatedly said anyone caught in Pakistan would be tried in Pakistan . Singh later said India wanted good relations with Pakistan but again urged Islamabad to do more to stamp out militant groups operating on its soil. But he is reluctant talk about homebred terrorism by Hindus.

India quickly announced to go far a war with Pakistan , but a war would be counterproductive by strengthening the hands of hawks and extremists in India and Pakistan . There was clear cut evidence of hawala funds coming to pro-Hindutva elements who were involved in planning terrorist acts. The RDX which was used in these incidents was stolen from Indian army depots. Those who understand the various aspects of terrorism and are up-to-date about how the Indian print and electronic media is constantly revealing stories of Hindu extremists and their militants who are involved in terrorist activities in Gujarat, Orissa, Kandhamal, Maharastra.

British premier Gordon Brown rushed to India and Pakistan to arrange for the trial of those caught. In Islamabad , Brown proposed a new British-Pakistan “pact against terror,” saying “three-quarters of the most serious terrorist plots investigated by the British authorities have links to al Qaeda in Pakistan .” British Prime Minister Gordon Brown blamed banned Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba for last month’s deadly Mumbai attacks as tension between nuclear-armed neighbors India and Pakistan simmered Brown also offered India help with forensic investigation, stepping up airport security and offered to cooperate on dealing with security at major sporting events. Brown said Britain would expand its counter-terrorism assistance program to Pakistan , offering help with bomb disposal, bomb scanning equipment and airport security. He also announced Britain would fund a six million pound program to tackle the causes of radicalization, using educational materials.

Terrorism & Poll: Nov 26 Mumbai terrorism, no matter by whom and how it was attempted, has taken place just on the eve of the polls and the polls verdicts were expected to be influenced by the horrors of terror. Much before the Indian government decided to use the opportunity to fix Pakistan and escape global criticism of its handling of the crisis and security lapses, etc, the Indian media declared war on Pakistan within minutes of the carnage.

Recent poll results in 5 Indian states reveal one important factor about emerging political polarizations in the country. It looks Nov26 Mumbai terrorism has helped in some measure to resolve the three party or block choices. India wants to decimate the number of Political platforms and reduce them into two blocks and leaving the so-called third front insignificant. The 5 state polls have done that following the Mumbai terrorism, people were given two choices on terrorism issue to choose from.

In a crucial electoral contest ahead of the parliamentary elections early next year, India ’s ruling Congress bested the BJP in three out of five states that went to the polls in staggered elections that ended on December 4. Although the Congress outsmarted the BJP, the party is not all happy about the outcome. The outcome of the staggered elections between November 14 and December 4 sparked off speculation about early Lok Sabha elections”Mr Clean” image has helped the parties to win the polls. Leaders blamed the loss on infighting in party ranks. Delhi, as was expected, brought back Dikshit government more convincingly than other wise. The hopes of the BJP have been badly shattered now and now looking to newer strategies to outsmart Congress. While the Congress retained power for a record third five-year term in Delhi , wrested Mizoram and ousted the BJP in Rajasthan, but losing to it decisively in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in assembly elections that were the last popularity test ahead of the Lok Sabha battle.

In Rajasthan’s 200-member legislature, the Congress emerged the largest party winning 96 seats and was set to form the government taking help from among 25 independents including rebels from its own ranks. And in north-eastern Mizoram, the Congress ended the Mizo National Front’s (MNF) 10-year reign marred by corruption, sweeping 37 of the 40 assembly seats. In Madhya Pradesh, former chief minister and Bharatiya Jan Shakti (BJS) founder president Uma Bharati, a fire brand anti-Muslim lost from the Tikamgarh seat, her home turf.

Even as BJP supporters celebrated in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, party leaders admitted that the results were disappointing, especially the rout in Delhi, where they had been confident of ending 10 years of Congress rule, more so since voting in all states barring Chhattisgarh took place in the shadow of the Mumbai terror carnage. BJP sources admitted that if they had won even three of the four northern states, they would have pressed for early parliamentary polls. The issue of terrorism they had raked against the Congress government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh after the November 26 Mumbai terror attacks and the arrests of Hindu activists following the earlier Malegaon bombings had failed to pay dividends. But the timely resignations by Home minister and Maharastra chief minister have saved Congress in some measure.

The Congress’ most exciting victory came in Delhi where Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, 70, crushed the BJP, winning 40 seats in the 70-member house with results yet to be declared from four constituencies. The biggest hero turned out to be Dikshit, a grandmother who became the first woman in India to lead a party to an assembly election victory for a third term. Even Congress leaders who are normally used to hailing only Sonia Gandhi after every electoral victory gave due credit to Dikshit.

One could say that the Congress bests BJP in ‘semi-final’ battle. But the result will set a momentum for the Lok Sabha elections due in April-May. In summary, it is a surprise that the Congress party gained from the Mumbai terrorism in the polls held in 5 states as “rehearsal” for general elections – and not the opposition BJP as it is generally expected. More glaringly, the terrorism has sped up the process of dismantling the chances for any third front emerging in Indian national scene.

Indian Threat : People do object to foreign invasions and occupation of their lands and it is for the “civilized’ world to take measure to vacate the lands occupied by them, their allies or friends. Kashmiris have been demanding independence back from India. Of late USA and UN have pressed Indian to submit to international pressure on Kashmir and consider surrendering sovereignty back to Kashmir. India now seeks some relief on that account under terrorism plank. India is taking advantage of the situation and playing his own game to get maximum benefit of the situation. The investigators say the aim was to “create an international incident, and anything big in Mumbai would be noticed all over the world”.

In other words, the burden of the delay tactics was to bring the incident look similar or at least closer to Sept11. The hold of the terrorists for three days after the terrorism, their modus operandi, their links, determination all lead to questions which remain unanswered. The Indian scheming are focused on to enable India to come closer to USA as strategic partner under terror wars category. The full investigations might lead to some clues or answers but as already seen that such incidents when happened the investigations were never disclosed if there are insiders involved. A deep sympathy India sought for being a “terror victim’ has been pronounced all over the world, along with for those who died.

As it is known, Pakistan wants 3 Indians for their criminal activities: Advani, Purohit, and Thackeray. However, list is longer than this. Not just these three persons, in fact many people in New Delhi ’s big offices should be on the “wanted” list of UN as well. Indian brute forces have been murdering innocent and defenseless Kashmir since 1947 when Indian quite tactfully annexed its neighboring Jammu Kashmir. All those responsible for the genocides in Kashmir ought to be in a wanted list. India wants to outsmart Pakistan with its own hit-list.

So, India now demands Pakistan to hand over 40 “terrorists”- a revised estimate from its earlier 20 odd- and New Delhi ’s further action would depend on how Islamabad responds. India says Pakistan must surrender some 40 wanted by India on some other cases. It looks sheer joke on Indian part. India claims that the terrorist bosses abroad had a target of 5000 people and the achievement was negligible and no one gives the clues about how and from whom this information has reached the Indian media. Indian terrorism specialists claim evidence is with Pakistan and it should be fetched and not to do Pakistan ’s job; after all Pakistan and other neighbors are expected to India ’s job and not other wise.

Already economically haunted, the Muslims have been facing tough situations around the world on account of the fabricated ‘terrorism’ reports by the global media abetted by the intelligence wings. The anti-Islamic agenda in conjunction with anti-Pakistan-cum-Kashmir goals has stood Hindu India in good stead and blame for all terrorism activities perpetuated by the state agencies and Hindu outfits have been cunningly placed on the defenseless Muslims in India and Kashmir as well the “cross-border-terrorists’ from Pakistan. India media over decades have created a terror image about Muslims around and pleaded with the UN and USA for the total “innocence of Hindustan ” and had asked the world to treat the Muslims as potential terrorists.

Several national and international sources have disclosed that Indian-Hindu politicians of India provide logistical and financial support to terrorists. Hindu Jihads might get hold of New Delhi’s nukes to destroy the remaining mosques and other Islamic monuments. Terror prone India should be a cause of concern to its neighbors, especially Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and obviously Kashmir. There has been a persistent propaganda that Pakistani nukes are not safe and one day might get into hands of terrorists ,But what happened in Mumbai onNov26-28 has raised concerns about security of Indian nuclear assets. It has become a global practice to win elections by employing unjustifiable methods, including wars and terrorism, missile firings, etc and it has been proved that the ruling party gains greatly form such nefarious efforts to influence the voters.

With articles made-to-order on Mumbai terrorism, Indian media somehow hinted the political cause or the poll climate as the possible reason for the Mumbai terrorism and therefore, the England team came back and both India and UK have resumed their cricket game even as the poll game ended with none getting any special mileage from the terrorism. The reports that India took special care not to get the English cricketers killed in the bombings because, possibly, they are the guests of the Indian state and any disaster would have serious consequences for Indian diplomacy especially in the West when it is trying to knock at every large doors in the Western capitals to get endorsements for UNSC seat on account of terrorism experience and being a terror “victim”.

India said the “terrorists” from Pakistan had a target of 5000 persons in Mumbai alone. India said its interrogation of the surviving terrorist indicates that all 10 men come from the Pakistani port of Karachi , and at least one, if not all 10, were Pakistani nationals. Indian wants to see the image of Pakistan gets damaged/weakened in the US and West. As a serious “victim” of terror, India expects to be preferred as their major terror ally of USA and not Pakistan . With different statements and approaching the international forums India can build a psychological pressure on both Pakistan and USA . As an ally to kill Muslims, Pakistan Army is already busy in tribal areas and Balochistan. They are going to worry about eastern borders. Now India would add more problems to Pakistan viz a viz USA.

India eagerly waits for opportunities to stall Indo-Pak peace talks and delay the Kashmir re-independence issue .While any number of terrorist attacks in Pakistan tearing apart that Islamic nation, Pakistan still wants to forge good neighborly relations with India , while any such terrorism in India would immediate call for closing any peace process abruptly. It is because India has to surrender Kashmir under its brute control since 1947 and it wants to retain their control over that nation by scuttling any positive development in the talks and hence the recent peace talks in New Delhi between foreign ministers of Pakistan and India were called off after the Mumbai terrorism.

Indian paper tiger would not attack Pakistan for sure. However, since both are nuclear nations, terrorism of this proportion is bound to elicit devastating consequences for their ties and also for the whole region. Considering that the Taj terror was essentially meant for boosting the recent poll in 5 states, and it had nothing to do with UNSC or non-NATO ally-ship, India is not expected to create another false alarm in Pakistan with a possible war. Two jets were shot down during the Kargil conflict in 1999 under similar situation.

Pakistan wants to help India if it the Indians are sincere and produce credible evidence. At the same time, any reading of the Pakistani English-language press reveals Pakistani voices expressing real anguish and horror over this incident.’ the prominent Karachi-based feminist poet and writer Attiya Dawood: ‘I can’t say whether Pakistan is involved or not, but whoever is involved, it is not the ordinary people of Pakistan, like myself, or my daughters. We are with our Indian brothers and sisters in their pain and sorrow.’ Pakistan ’s information minister confirmed the incursion and said officials had “spoken to the Indian air force and they have said it was inadvertent”. The director of public relations for the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) said the Indian aircraft had violated Pakistani airspace on two separate occasions.

Kashmir remains the root cause of tensions between Pakistan and India and main cause for terrorism. The Indian strategist expect, rather want, the Mumbai violence to adversely affect Pakistan and India relations, Indian government is busy in stressing the point that some outsiders have committed the terrorism. Anti-terror law would terrorize the innocent Kashmiris and Muslims in general further. However, India accepts only praises and does not accept any responsibility for intra- terrorism in the country; does not even hint at its role in terrorism either in Pakistan or Sri Lanka or India but conveniently pass on to Pakistan as a safe goat. Indian strategists know for certain any terrorist action in India would affect its relations with Pakistan and that has indeed happened, or at least is happening now. (Writer-South Asia)

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-09-03  ::  dan

Maoists should Stop Violence and the Government of India should follow the policy of “NO interference” into both the Tribes and Capitalists

Friday 3 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

Today, eleventh July, in Hyderabad, a conference is organized by the revolutionary writers association under the title “Anti-Green Hunt Meeting” a noted writer Ms Arundhati Roy, while addressing the gathering which is very small in a comparison with the function of a new film release, named ‘Komuram Puli” where the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh is present including the film unit, including A.R Rahman, she said “unfortunate ‘on the encounter death of Azad, Cherukuri Raj Kumar, spokes man of CPI (Maoist) and the government is killing the great leaders in encounters to handover the natural wealth of the nation to the capitalists. Further Ms.Roy, called on the people and all political parties to unite like in days of emergency period against the killings of poor scheduled tribes of west Bengal, Jharkhand, chattisgarh, odisha and in Andhra who have been killing on the name of operation Green Hunt.

The central government in India is creating the disturbance in the interest of the capitalists of the country. And she continued in her speech for an hour long in which she asked for debate, about the need of violence and non-violence as the way in the lives in such a situation in which the tata and birla, are leading competitive to grab these markets in India, and she complemented as” non-violence” is better, but the government is in its belief of non-violence. She showed the pictures of Sri Narendra Modi, chief minister of Gujarat state, who was sitting before the set of guns worshipping the weapons which clearly shows actually who wants the violence and who are not in the belief of non-violence. She feels that the Maoist party also lost a great intellectual referring to the encounter death of Azad. In the film release function, in Hyderabad, the hall is packed with the colorful people mostly below the age of 35 and the cheer girls in highly decorated auditorium appeared in such a juvenile mood appeared in lavish manner to catch the eyes of the entire audience. The producer, praised the hero of the film pavan kalyan for making a common man to the level of producer of the film, on the invitation of organizer of the dais.

 

The release function of the film has not any complication or it has not way to think about other than them where the chief political executive of the state, Sri K. Roshaiah is present and at the political function organized against the operation green hunt carried out by the government of India against its own, poor, downtrodden, under privileged, and living in the sense forests of the country with lack of food, shelter, sufficient body full clothes, education, health facilities, transportation, communication, entertainment, even light(electricity), safe drinking water, and above all they are unaware of regular bathing.

 

They even do not know about regular brushing as these are indicating the civil and high society of Cosmo, and metropolitan city dwellers including metropoliticians to feel and asking them to understand that they are also the citizens of this country and they have every right to live by demanding the governments of all these states, including, the government of United States and its allied forces to consider their demand of providing the forest land to all the families including the right of its minerals and metals according to the members of the family according to the article 244, administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas, PART TEN, of the Indian constitution, along with relevant state laws, of erstwhile states, of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and present laws of orissa, chattisgarh, jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh relating to the scheduled tribes.

 

Moreover, the government of India, or the governments of all such states where the problem with the  tribes and the tribes,  are facing and engaging in war against the states including the government of India, in  the war like situation and killings of both sides, are turned in the most common part of every one’s life  for out side spectators,  either through the readings in the new papers or seeing such news in the news channels, have a feeling that the government of India once upon a time under the prime minister ship of, smt indira Gandhi, had provided camps in many parts in India for many years and later they had been accommodated them in many states with allotments of lands to them for their livelihood for the Bangladeshi flow of emigration during the separation of Bangladesh nation into Indian soils.

 

They are new still enjoying such facilities in our country, where as the own tribes they had fought against British all along the lines of freedom struggle, for many years, are now reduced to such a position in their own country as asylum seekers , where the ‘STATE” as a “STATE” of all citizens of India, according to article 15, of the Indian constitution, under the title “prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or birth place” has to act and  must have to resume all the responsibility of the tribes and should represent on behalf of the tribal of the scheduled areas in India, in the interest of tribal people. In spite of doing in the interest of the tribes, and not only treating against them by protecting the interest of the global capitalists by handing over such area where the potential and rich in minerals to the global capitalists are quite against in the spirit of the Indian constitution and it is an act of not only anti-national but it is a mark of treason.

 

The government of India and all the state governments which are under the control of four political parties in India did not understand the real feelings and aspirations of the Indian tribes since so many years. And I can say that they failed all in one by blaming each other in political plays in Indian politics. The heart and the mind of the government of India is in the hands of congress party under the command of Smt. Sonia Gandhi, who is very busy in the home work of in broader preparation of the ground for her son Mr. rahul Gandhi, in 2014 elections as a candidate eligible for prime minister ship of India. The task of green hunt through which elimination of Maoists and their supporting tribal people with perfect coordination and understanding of leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party, in Chattisgarh,  Sri. Nithish Kumar in Bihar, Marxist party in w. Bengal, Mr. Patnaik in orissa, Sri. Soren and in Andhra Pradesh, of course, Sri. Roshaish, all are one in working against the interests of the tribes and they are renowned in selling the assets of India to the capitalists as easily as I compare it at the cost of cigarette pocket for one acre or even less. Now in these days the Andhra Pradesh has become hot bed of power play of direct involvement of Smt Sonia Gandhi, through the Chief Minister, against the son of Dr.Y.S. Raja Shekhar Reddy in one hand on the other side she is very busy with chief of PRP, chiranjeevi, whose younger brothers film release functions is organized, and the chief of Telangana Rashra Samiti, Sri. K. Chandra Shekhar Rao in countering the challenges in Andhra Pradesh politics. The Home Minister, Sri. P. Chidambaram, who has been pushed forward for issuance of a statement on telangana state when the chief, of TRS party was on fast unto death hunger strike in last December by Smt. Sonia Gandhi, and he is in the process of all such works entrusted by her including  the process of hearings of state people before the Justice. Sri Krishna Commission which is , under way to complete its “findings” without reading of more than 2 lakh representations alone from Telangana region. Hence the two tasks are assigned to sri p. Chidambaram including Telangana by the president, smt Sonia Gandhi whose life achievement is making rahul Gandhi, as prime minister of India, who is now last male leader of the pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, in the Congress Party.

 

The leadership of BJP is with the government, in sharing the profit of the green-hunt in Chattisgarh and in Jharkhand. The Marxist party, during the seventies, under their government the Maoist movement was started and since then that period they are strict to their own stand of Maoism, even after forty years. And the same Maoists are also remained in a position to challenge the government of Marxists who killed many during the seventies. These two parties are representing themselves that they derived and based on the theory of Marxism and both using the Marxism as their torch light carrying in their hands separately and claiming each against about the credibility of their Marxism in protecting the interests of the poor and working class people. Is it not strange to believe both in one breath on their credibility in implementation of Marxism in the interest of the poor people in India? There is only question in the minds of Indian people that which one is correct in the interest of tribes in India. Is it not a question to clarify about this doubt to the people in India? The Marxist party is and was in power since last forty years, and they are posing that they do not know about the tribal lives of their own state very innocently to the world. If it is correct, that they did not know about the lives of the tribal in their state since last forty years.  Now what would they like to reply to the world on their role in the government of w. Bengal in relation to the lives of the poor tribes in their west Bengal? Now why do not they like to protest against the actions of Sri? P. Chidambaram, on behalf of the Government of India by protecting the tribal people in their state. Simply the Marxists have a chance of escape from the reasonable criticism against them by highlighting the deaths of their Marxist cadre in the hands of Maoists, since last twenty years in different parts of India including in their home state. The Maoists are and were declared that they believe in armed revolutionary system of demolishing the state with its structure completely and they are committed to their line of thinking since their emergence of their party in the home state of west Bengal in 1969.

 

And one of the leaders of naxalbari movement which rose against the Marxist leadership, in recent time, committed suicide in his home due to financial problems, on the negligent and apathetic attitude of the Maoists and the Marxists to wards him. Of course he was not in such a way to ‘ask’ their help in his matter of self respect. In khammam district of Andhra Pradesh, one dump is unearthed by farmers from their lands, of one kilo gram gold biscuits. While sharing the gold biscuits the problem was aroused and the matter was landed to the press and police bosses usually. But the media man claimed that he entered and brought the issue to the police for whom the police and his press bosses praised him a lot and he was in a limelight.  But I am not sure about his role into it and police entered into scene. All know about the dump which was belonged to Maoist party. Such dump cases in Andhra Pradesh are very common and every body searches for it including media men. If it is known to the public and became public about its worth and value to handover to the police officially then they could be found no way to hide for them except to hand it over to the police bosses in the state. And it is suspected how many could be hidden from the eyes of the highest officials in the police. So many such cases could be happened in these areas where the search parties of the state forces are engaged in operations of the Maoists since so many years.

 

What makes the Maoists to think for such deposits of gold biscuits and hard cash bundles in such forests without believing the poor, tribes and humans?  Why do not spend such money for tribes through the developmental works in the needy areas of the forests? Marxism and Marx do not believe in such acts against the spirit of the human centered political philosophy by using the science and technology for the benefits of the humans from the period ancient civilizations to the present altruistic human nature of the rarest of the rare human beings in the world. Believing in lifeless things and trusting the machinery is a mark and primary symptom of capitalism in the minds of all the people including Maoists and Marxists. The naxalbari leader was forced to such a condition in which he lost his faith expecting for socialist society in the future and committed suicide. But no one from the wide sector of the Marxists and Maoists could be able to save his life at least, if not his dreams of new society saved, where the poor, downtrodden and working class would live with great honor and self respect in the eye of the rich and rich society. Is it not a mark of sideling the both parties from their line of action and basic thinking of Marxist philosophy?

 

The Marxism which was developed by Karl Marx and Engel, and it had been widely become known and very popular in the interest of the working class and for the poor people. The son of Karl Marx was died due to lack of small money needed to Jennifer to buy some tablets for her son and she could not be able to get it for her son and her son was died during the life time of Karl Marx. The book dass capital was stood in the third rank in the sales globally, after bible and quran. Many people became rich by selling the book. In the same way Azad, has been remembered and glorified him by the media both print and electronic in the most enthusiastic way as to develop their career by interviewing him and by receiving his messages with lot of encouragement for him to see his death and to write his death news in regrettable manner. But it is only for their survival only. But the poor azad had given them chances to sell the sticks to his pyre after his death. On the other side it is a good hunt of the human for a life time achievement of cash award. At the same time I do not believe the content through the tag and label in the markets.  But the Marxist are not the same like a label and tag to any item in the super market or in garments shop to the article or item in decoration. If it is original which do not need to represent the item with its originality with its tag and label on the question of originality. The other ruling parties of orissa and Bihar, no wonder if they are with the government of India, because they are non-Marxist parties and have their belief in the government of India in sharing the grants on their shares directly and indirectly in the interests of the global capitalists who have put their eyes on rich resources from these states.

 

Here one question is in common that all these four parties hold the power at centre and in all states, representing themselves that they belonged to such political agenda which was come through the general mandate of their people to sell their resources and kill the tribes by setting aside the question of killing the Maoists on the name of peace or on the name of law and order have to be verified by their own people where they are carrying anti-tribal policies after winning the elections by their votes. Shall they claim it about their present attitude towards the tribes? It is not the clear violation of the agenda of the political parties which were did not come to power through these policies directly against the lives of the tribe in our country. If they come through the present agenda of presenting the lands and mineral rich to the capitalists in written and approved by the people during the time of elections power, it is certainly agreeable one and the supreme to all the people in India. And on such approval manifestos, I can say no one should oppose the acts of all these political roles in the real face of the India society. However, I request to come through such way of approving your agendas in obeying the agendas in daily activities though it may be such what they are now put into the practice in the Indian society.

 

The accountability of the government and its reply to the people is not expected because the voice of the poor, tribes could never reach to the ears of the leaders of the political parties which control the government. If any political party in the interest of the tribal belt in India, to question on the rights of the tribal problems, against all these four political parties in the Indian parliament and all assemblies of states, it would be great relief in India, it is rich in all the fields but now it is poor to find the good, realistic, dedicated, committed, selfless and having the nature of sacrifice their lives for others, in all fields, it is not far to materialize the dream of equality in equal rights in the society including all houses with perfect representation on behalf of all citizens of India. before concluding this article I like to say that I do not believe to ask the people to depend upon the “state” which is the largest set of non-productive groups of the people in of the society depended and continuing to depend on the amounts, collections, and contribution of the society contained with the complete set of productive sections of the society.

 

Consequently, the state as a “state” of its entire people should work in the interest of the majority people, who voted to its people to rule the nation. If it is not possible to work in the interest of the poor tribal people, then, also it should not work in the in the interest of few very, few of the top hundred of global list and another top hundred of the Indian list and further every hundred of the state and in the districts. I ask the government of India to follow the policy of “NO INTERFERECE” of the state into the tribal causes as a third party 

Today, eleventh July, in Hyderabad, a conference is organized by the revolutionary writers association under the title “Anti-Green Hunt Meeting” a noted writer Ms Arundhati Roy, while addressing the gathering which is very small in a comparison with the function of a new film release, named ‘Komuram Puli” where the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh is present including the film unit, including A.R Rahman, she said “unfortunate ‘on the encounter death of Azad, Cherukuri Raj Kumar, spokes man of CPI (Maoist) and the government is killing the great leaders in encounters to handover the natural wealth of the nation to the capitalists. Further Ms.Roy, called on the people and all political parties to unite like in days of emergency period against the killings of poor scheduled tribes of west Bengal, Jharkhand, chattisgarh, odisha and in Andhra who have been killing on the name of operation Green Hunt.

The central government in India is creating the disturbance in the interest of the capitalists of the country. And she continued in her speech for an hour long in which she asked for debate, about the need of violence and non-violence as the way in the lives in such a situation in which the tata and birla, are leading competitive to grab these markets in India, and she complemented as” non-violence” is better, but the government is in its belief of non-violence. She showed the pictures of Sri Narendra Modi, chief minister of Gujarat state, who was sitting before the set of guns worshipping the weapons which clearly shows actually who wants the violence and who are not in the belief of non-violence. She feels that the Maoist party also lost a great intellectual referring to the encounter death of Azad. In the film release function, in Hyderabad, the hall is packed with the colorful people mostly below the age of 35 and the cheer girls in highly decorated auditorium appeared in such a juvenile mood appeared in lavish manner to catch the eyes of the entire audience. The producer, praised the hero of the film pavan kalyan for making a common man to the level of producer of the film, on the invitation of organizer of the dais.

 

The release function of the film has not any complication or it has not way to think about other than them where the chief political executive of the state, Sri K. Roshaiah is present and at the political function organized against the operation green hunt carried out by the government of India against its own, poor, downtrodden, under privileged, and living in the sense forests of the country with lack of food, shelter, sufficient body full clothes, education, health facilities, transportation, communication, entertainment, even light(electricity), safe drinking water, and above all they are unaware of regular bathing.

 

They even do not know about regular brushing as these are indicating the civil and high society of Cosmo, and metropolitan city dwellers including metropoliticians to feel and asking them to understand that they are also the citizens of this country and they have every right to live by demanding the governments of all these states, including, the government of United States and its allied forces to consider their demand of providing the forest land to all the families including the right of its minerals and metals according to the members of the family according to the article 244, administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas, PART TEN, of the Indian constitution, along with relevant state laws, of erstwhile states, of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and present laws of orissa, chattisgarh, jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh relating to the scheduled tribes.

 

Moreover, the government of India, or the governments of all such states where the problem with the  tribes and the tribes,  are facing and engaging in war against the states including the government of India, in  the war like situation and killings of both sides, are turned in the most common part of every one’s life  for out side spectators,  either through the readings in the new papers or seeing such news in the news channels, have a feeling that the government of India once upon a time under the prime minister ship of, smt indira Gandhi, had provided camps in many parts in India for many years and later they had been accommodated them in many states with allotments of lands to them for their livelihood for the Bangladeshi flow of emigration during the separation of Bangladesh nation into Indian soils.

 

They are new still enjoying such facilities in our country, where as the own tribes they had fought against British all along the lines of freedom struggle, for many years, are now reduced to such a position in their own country as asylum seekers , where the ‘STATE” as a “STATE” of all citizens of India, according to article 15, of the Indian constitution, under the title “prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or birth place” has to act and  must have to resume all the responsibility of the tribes and should represent on behalf of the tribal of the scheduled areas in India, in the interest of tribal people. In spite of doing in the interest of the tribes, and not only treating against them by protecting the interest of the global capitalists by handing over such area where the potential and rich in minerals to the global capitalists are quite against in the spirit of the Indian constitution and it is an act of not only anti-national but it is a mark of treason.

 

The government of India and all the state governments which are under the control of four political parties in India did not understand the real feelings and aspirations of the Indian tribes since so many years. And I can say that they failed all in one by blaming each other in political plays in Indian politics. The heart and the mind of the government of India is in the hands of congress party under the command of Smt. Sonia Gandhi, who is very busy in the home work of in broader preparation of the ground for her son Mr. rahul Gandhi, in 2014 elections as a candidate eligible for prime minister ship of India. The task of green hunt through which elimination of Maoists and their supporting tribal people with perfect coordination and understanding of leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party, in Chattisgarh,  Sri. Nithish Kumar in Bihar, Marxist party in w. Bengal, Mr. Patnaik in orissa, Sri. Soren and in Andhra Pradesh, of course, Sri. Roshaish, all are one in working against the interests of the tribes and they are renowned in selling the assets of India to the capitalists as easily as I compare it at the cost of cigarette pocket for one acre or even less. Now in these days the Andhra Pradesh has become hot bed of power play of direct involvement of Smt Sonia Gandhi, through the Chief Minister, against the son of Dr.Y.S. Raja Shekhar Reddy in one hand on the other side she is very busy with chief of PRP, chiranjeevi, whose younger brothers film release functions is organized, and the chief of Telangana Rashra Samiti, Sri. K. Chandra Shekhar Rao in countering the challenges in Andhra Pradesh politics. The Home Minister, Sri. P. Chidambaram, who has been pushed forward for issuance of a statement on telangana state when the chief, of TRS party was on fast unto death hunger strike in last December by Smt. Sonia Gandhi, and he is in the process of all such works entrusted by her including  the process of hearings of state people before the Justice. Sri Krishna Commission which is , under way to complete its “findings” without reading of more than 2 lakh representations alone from Telangana region. Hence the two tasks are assigned to sri p. Chidambaram including Telangana by the president, smt Sonia Gandhi whose life achievement is making rahul Gandhi, as prime minister of India, who is now last male leader of the pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, in the Congress Party.

 

The leadership of BJP is with the government, in sharing the profit of the green-hunt in Chattisgarh and in Jharkhand. The Marxist party, during the seventies, under their government the Maoist movement was started and since then that period they are strict to their own stand of Maoism, even after forty years. And the same Maoists are also remained in a position to challenge the government of Marxists who killed many during the seventies. These two parties are representing themselves that they derived and based on the theory of Marxism and both using the Marxism as their torch light carrying in their hands separately and claiming each against about the credibility of their Marxism in protecting the interests of the poor and working class people. Is it not strange to believe both in one breath on their credibility in implementation of Marxism in the interest of the poor people in India? There is only question in the minds of Indian people that which one is correct in the interest of tribes in India. Is it not a question to clarify about this doubt to the people in India? The Marxist party is and was in power since last forty years, and they are posing that they do not know about the tribal lives of their own state very innocently to the world. If it is correct, that they did not know about the lives of the tribal in their state since last forty years.  Now what would they like to reply to the world on their role in the government of w. Bengal in relation to the lives of the poor tribes in their west Bengal? Now why do not they like to protest against the actions of Sri? P. Chidambaram, on behalf of the Government of India by protecting the tribal people in their state. Simply the Marxists have a chance of escape from the reasonable criticism against them by highlighting the deaths of their Marxist cadre in the hands of Maoists, since last twenty years in different parts of India including in their home state. The Maoists are and were declared that they believe in armed revolutionary system of demolishing the state with its structure completely and they are committed to their line of thinking since their emergence of their party in the home state of west Bengal in 1969.

 

And one of the leaders of naxalbari movement which rose against the Marxist leadership, in recent time, committed suicide in his home due to financial problems, on the negligent and apathetic attitude of the Maoists and the Marxists to wards him. Of course he was not in such a way to ‘ask’ their help in his matter of self respect. In khammam district of Andhra Pradesh, one dump is unearthed by farmers from their lands, of one kilo gram gold biscuits. While sharing the gold biscuits the problem was aroused and the matter was landed to the press and police bosses usually. But the media man claimed that he entered and brought the issue to the police for whom the police and his press bosses praised him a lot and he was in a limelight.  But I am not sure about his role into it and police entered into scene. All know about the dump which was belonged to Maoist party. Such dump cases in Andhra Pradesh are very common and every body searches for it including media men. If it is known to the public and became public about its worth and value to handover to the police officially then they could be found no way to hide for them except to hand it over to the police bosses in the state. And it is suspected how many could be hidden from the eyes of the highest officials in the police. So many such cases could be happened in these areas where the search parties of the state forces are engaged in operations of the Maoists since so many years.

 

What makes the Maoists to think for such deposits of gold biscuits and hard cash bundles in such forests without believing the poor, tribes and humans?  Why do not spend such money for tribes through the developmental works in the needy areas of the forests? Marxism and Marx do not believe in such acts against the spirit of the human centered political philosophy by using the science and technology for the benefits of the humans from the period ancient civilizations to the present altruistic human nature of the rarest of the rare human beings in the world. Believing in lifeless things and trusting the machinery is a mark and primary symptom of capitalism in the minds of all the people including Maoists and Marxists. The naxalbari leader was forced to such a condition in which he lost his faith expecting for socialist society in the future and committed suicide. But no one from the wide sector of the Marxists and Maoists could be able to save his life at least, if not his dreams of new society saved, where the poor, downtrodden and working class would live with great honor and self respect in the eye of the rich and rich society. Is it not a mark of sideling the both parties from their line of action and basic thinking of Marxist philosophy?

 

The Marxism which was developed by Karl Marx and Engel, and it had been widely become known and very popular in the interest of the working class and for the poor people. The son of Karl Marx was died due to lack of small money needed to Jennifer to buy some tablets for her son and she could not be able to get it for her son and her son was died during the life time of Karl Marx. The book dass capital was stood in the third rank in the sales globally, after bible and quran. Many people became rich by selling the book. In the same way Azad, has been remembered and glorified him by the media both print and electronic in the most enthusiastic way as to develop their career by interviewing him and by receiving his messages with lot of encouragement for him to see his death and to write his death news in regrettable manner. But it is only for their survival only. But the poor azad had given them chances to sell the sticks to his pyre after his death. On the other side it is a good hunt of the human for a life time achievement of cash award. At the same time I do not believe the content through the tag and label in the markets.  But the Marxist are not the same like a label and tag to any item in the super market or in garments shop to the article or item in decoration. If it is original which do not need to represent the item with its originality with its tag and label on the question of originality. The other ruling parties of orissa and Bihar, no wonder if they are with the government of India, because they are non-Marxist parties and have their belief in the government of India in sharing the grants on their shares directly and indirectly in the interests of the global capitalists who have put their eyes on rich resources from these states.

 

Here one question is in common that all these four parties hold the power at centre and in all states, representing themselves that they belonged to such political agenda which was come through the general mandate of their people to sell their resources and kill the tribes by setting aside the question of killing the Maoists on the name of peace or on the name of law and order have to be verified by their own people where they are carrying anti-tribal policies after winning the elections by their votes. Shall they claim it about their present attitude towards the tribes? It is not the clear violation of the agenda of the political parties which were did not come to power through these policies directly against the lives of the tribe in our country. If they come through the present agenda of presenting the lands and mineral rich to the capitalists in written and approved by the people during the time of elections power, it is certainly agreeable one and the supreme to all the people in India. And on such approval manifestos, I can say no one should oppose the acts of all these political roles in the real face of the India society. However, I request to come through such way of approving your agendas in obeying the agendas in daily activities though it may be such what they are now put into the practice in the Indian society.

 

The accountability of the government and its reply to the people is not expected because the voice of the poor, tribes could never reach to the ears of the leaders of the political parties which control the government. If any political party in the interest of the tribal belt in India, to question on the rights of the tribal problems, against all these four political parties in the Indian parliament and all assemblies of states, it would be great relief in India, it is rich in all the fields but now it is poor to find the good, realistic, dedicated, committed, selfless and having the nature of sacrifice their lives for others, in all fields, it is not far to materialize the dream of equality in equal rights in the society including all houses with perfect representation on behalf of all citizens of India. before concluding this article I like to say that I do not believe to ask the people to depend upon the “state” which is the largest set of non-productive groups of the people in of the society depended and continuing to depend on the amounts, collections, and contribution of the society contained with the complete set of productive sections of the society.

 

Consequently, the state as a “state” of its entire people should work in the interest of the majority people, who voted to its people to rule the nation. If it is not possible to work in the interest of the poor tribal people, then, also it should not work in the in the interest of few very, few of the top hundred of global list and another top hundred of the Indian list and further every hundred of the state and in the districts. I ask the government of India to follow the policy of “NO INTERFERECE” of the state into the tribal causes as a third party

have spent a lot at the cost of my dad while my olden days, and got some degrees in education without knowing its value and validity at that time and continued the same habit at my own cost since then that time to present now.And?i saw and realized?that my?life is spent out in the search to know?the society,state,and about the people from the ancient civilizations to the present?clock-like capitalism as well as about myself too. At last i satisfied myself?that i know what i wanted to know that what i am now, is a subject to u all to know.Do u want to judge the whole thing in seconds?But i?estimate u?in single part of the second?before your judgement about?me. it is different in practice.??Ayub Mohammed

 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-09-03  ::  dan

Some Social And Economic Determinants Of Leadership In India

Thursday 2 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

In the less developed countries of Asia, the question of leadership has been studied in the context of social change and the modernization of traditional societies. After world war II, when many of the less developed countries of  Asia emerged from colonial rule, the national leadership realized that political freedom without freedom from economic, social, and cultural backwardness was meaningless.

In all these countries the major obstacles to economic development and human growth were mass poverty, illiteracy, and disease. The breakthrough to modernity was conceived by the national leadership as the strategic path to economic and social freedom after the achievement of political independence.

In this perspective of social change and modernization, leaders were considered necessary for the smooth transition from the traditional to the modern society, and the smooth transition from the traditional to the modern society, and the role of local and nation national leaders was envisaged as the dissemination of new value institutions and structures that would embody this new set of value.

The approach adopted will be selective rather than exhaustive, concerned with trends rather than specific situations. It would be useful to keep in mind that, though India, is not a paradigm of Asia, the issues crucial to human development in India and the strategic role of the now leadership in responding to the new social and economic needs of the people are more or less similar in all the less developed countries of Asia. Like India, these countries of Asia have had an experience of colonial domination and have only recently attained political independence. Like India, these Asian countries are agrarian societies whose social satisfaction is rigidly segmented and marked by pervasive social and economic inequalities.

A striking feature of the underdeveloped countries of Asia is that they are hierarchical societies in which the patterns of social stratifications are characterized by social and economic inequalities which are no longer legitimized by the officially accepted system of values. In India, the relations between the social strata were organized according to the hierarchical values of the caste system which provided ideological legitimating for the traditional patters of social stratifications.

However, after Independence, the traditional societies of south Asia are publicly committed to the creation of egalitarian societies, or what in India, is called “a socialistic pattern of society”, in which there will be greater equalization of opportunity and a more equitable distribution of income, power, and privilege.

In India, as in the other less developed countries of Asia, only the leadership can be considered effective which is socially responsive to the dehumanizing situations maintained by the social, economic and political structures of society, and strives to create with the people the conditions for integral human growth.

Planned development in India tended to be the function of the administrative bureaucracy and little attention was paid to the need of securing people’s participation as patterns in their own development. Though the official rhetoric emphasized people’s participation in their social and economic growth, the local leadership was, as we have seen earlier, dominated by bureaucratic officials who told them what to do and how to do it. The primary task of the leader is, therefore, to manage an educational process of “conscientization” through which the people become aware of the structural factors responsible for the dehumanizing conditions of their life.

Finally, Like India, these countries are in various stages of the process of industrialization.

You can develop your Leadership Quality via www.leadership-quality.com

Nauka Shah, the author, is the founder of leadership quality. A website dedicated to helping strategic leaders for his strategic leadership. She has written other leadership articles, press releases, leadership books, and has leadership videos on social leadership development, motivation, self improvement, and organization development. Her mission is to help others all over the world succeed in their own business. To read more of her leadership articles and leadership tips visit her website at http://www.leadership-quality.com to learn how to develop leadership quality

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-09-02  ::  dan

Legalising Aborton In India

Thursday 2 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

Legalizing Abortion  in India[1]

 

All human life–from the moment of conception and through all subsequent stages–is sacred, because human life is created in the image and likeness of God.  Nothing surpasses the greatness or dignity of a human person…If a person’s right to life is violated at the moment in which he is first conceived in his mother’s womb, an indirect blow is struck also at the whole moral order.

The Wikipedia Dictionary defines an abortion as:
An abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in, or caused by, its death. “Abortion” can refer to an induced procedure at any point during human pregnancy; it is sometimes medically defined as either miscarriage or induced termination before the point of viability. Throughout history, abortion has been induced by various methods and the moral and legal aspects of abortion are subject to intense debate in many parts of the world. Abortion became legal in India in 1971 in order to prevent overpopulation. However, this appears to have been unsuccessful as India now has 1.1 billion people and is the second most populous country in the world, after China. India was a pioneer in legalizing induced abortion, or Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in 1971. Yet, after three decades, morbidity and mortality due to unsafe abortion remain a serious problem. There is little public debate on the issue despite several national campaigns on safe motherhood. Instead, discussion on abortion has mainly centred around declining sex ratio, sex-selective abortion , and the proliferation of abortion clinics in urban areas. Adding to the problem is that abortion continues to be a sensitive, private matter, often with ethical/moral/religious connotations that sets it apart from other reproductive health-seeking behaviour. Although  abortion is legal, it is estimated that four million Indian women a year still resort to illegal abortions because of social taboos, misconceptions about the law, and the lack of skilled practitioners and medical facilities.

Abortion is severely condemned in Vedic, Upanishadic, the laterpuranic(old) and smriti literatureTwo laws in India regulate the determination of the sex of the foetus and abortion. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971, primarily aimed to make it possible to use abortion as a mechanism of family planning. This law stipulates that if certain conditions are fulfilled, an abortion can lawfully be done. Before this law came into existence, the Indian Penal Code (Act No 45 of 1860) permitted abortion only when it was necessary for saving the life of the woman. Abortion was being practised earlier by many. Because it was illegal, it was practised in a clandestine manner. The passing of the Act made medical termination of pregnancy legal, with certain conditions for safeguarding the health of the mother.

The MTP Act brings into focus the moral undertones of a law that discriminates against unmarried pregnant women. Laws related to abortion must also benefit persons whose sexual relationships are beyond the legitimacy conferred by law, especially when some courts have taken the view that live-in relationships are not illegal . It is unethical for a law to punish such choices by not recognising the “anguish caused by unwarranted pregnancy” to unmarried women.

The Supreme Court has said that the right to privacy is implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution and a right to abortion can be read from this right. It is submitted that a decision as to abortion may be entirely left with woman provided she is sane and attained majority. Only in cases where an abortion may affect her life, her freedom may be curtailed. A woman’s body is hers and hers alone. Nobody has the right to make her do something that she does not want to. All other restrictions on the right to abortion are unwelcome. True, a woman’s decision as to abortion may depend upon her physical and mental health or the potential threat to the health of the child. Apart from these reasons, there are also various important factors. She or the family may not be financially sound to welcome an addition. It may be a time when she wants to change her profession, which requires free time and hard work. Her relationship with the husband may virtually be on the verge of collapse and she may prefer not to have a child from him, for it may possibly affect a future marriage. All these factors are quite relevant and the Indian statute on abortion does not pay any respect to them. The law thus is unreasonable and could well be found to be violative of the principles of equality provided under Article 14 of the Constitution. Is it desirable to pay compensation to woman for all her physical and mental inconveniences and liabilities, which arises in that context. Finally it may be noted that the M.T.P. Act does not protect the unborn child. Any indirect protection it gains under the Act is only a by-product resulting from the protection of the woman. The rights provided as well as the restrictions imposed under the statute show that the very purpose of the state is to protect a living woman from dangers which may arise during an abortion process. It is the protection to the mother that protects the unborn.    

A woman’s right in this respect is doubtful because her right is dependant on certain conditions: proof of risk to her life or grave injury to her physical or mental health, substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities to the child if born and a situation where abortion could only save her life, all to be arrived at by the medical practitioners. Can a woman request a medical practitioner to perform an abortion on the ground that she does not want a child at that time? Where the liberty of the woman is fully dependant on certain other factors, such are quest cannot be said to be just and reasonable. The M.T.P. Act also does not classify the pregnancy period so that the woman’s interests and the state’s interests could be given predominance in one’s own spheres. It is well settled that the constitution provides for the right to live with dignity. The right of a woman to her private life has been the basis on which a number of international bodies have upheld the right of a woman to have an abortion. The right to freedom of expression and access to information has been used to argue for the right of women to receive information about abortion options. The right to access abortion may also be based on the right of a woman to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of her children. This right would be severely hampered if the state obliges the birth of a person for whom his very existence is a bane rather than a boon. Eugenic grounds of abortions have been recognized by various courts and governments. The European Court of Human Rights has even granted compensation to the parents if the doctor is negligent in detecting patent deformities in the foetus and the child is born with disabilities and deformities.
In the Objects and reasons of the MTPA, the legislature has recognized eugenic grounds as one of the grounds of termination of pregnancy. But again, the impugned provisions fail to satisfy the same by restricting the time limit to 20 weeks. Further, the legislature has not prohibited use of diagnostic techniques to discover foetal disabilities. Scientific reports have suggested that some deformities in the foetus can be only detected in the very late stage of pregnancy and thus abortions should be allowed even after the 24th week of pregnancy. The IPC was enacted more than a century ago and the MTPA, in 1971. Since then, medical science and technology have come a long way. Moreover, what transpires to be the object of the legislature behind the impugned provision setting the time limit for abortion to be that of 20 weeks is to prevent female feticide as this is the time period when and where after the sex of the foetus can be successfully and accurately determined by the pre-natal diagnostic technologies. Hence it is to be given effect to in the same light and not on the analogy that eugenic grounds for abortion as provided by the act to be valid grounds of abortion under section 3 of the act also burn on the same factum of the stipulated time period, as this would absolutely and non-judiciously defeat the very purpose of legislative efforts such as the pre-natal diagnostic technologies act and the likes of the same. Hence it is perspicuous that the object of the act is to ban the use of both sex selective abortions and to regulate such techniques with a view to ensure their scientific use for which they are intended, and not to ban the very detection of such disabilities and abnormalities of the foetus, as this would defeat the very purpose of this act.

Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code read with the Medical termination of Pregnancy act, 1971 where all the restrictions imposed therein, including the time limit of 20 weeks, other than the ones to ensure good medical conditions, infringe the right to abortion and the right to health, which emanate from right to life as guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution. Any law forbidding an abortion under good medical conditions is immoral and in addition unconstitutional, for it violates her right to control her property – her body as wells her life, liberty and happiness.

A woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy emanates from her right to make decisions regarding her own body and reproductive capacity. Textual support for this right is found in a number of human rights instruments, which contain provisions that ensure autonomy in decision-making about intimate matters. Such provisions include protections of the right to privacy, the right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of one’s children, and the right to physical integrity.The right of the unborn child to life must outweigh the desires of others to destroy it, whatever the basis of these desires. Arguments on morality and legality tend to collide and combine, complicating the issue at hand. Abortion debates, especially pertaining to abortion laws, are often spearheaded by advocacy groups belonging to one of two camps. Most often those in favor of legal prohibition of abortion describe themselves as pro-life while those against legal restrictions on abortion describe themselves as pro-choice. Both are used to indicate the central principles in arguments for and against abortion:

The abortion laws in the country have become a point of debate after Nikita Mehta, a Mumbai-based woman, was denied permission by a court to terminate her pregnancy after 20 weeks though the foetus was detected with a heart problem. . It’s good that the MTP act will be amended in the wake of the Niketa Mehta case. If complications arise either in the mother or the child or some rare disease that the child suffers from, then the legal period needs to be increased to 24 weeks.The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. It discusses human interaction where ethics, emotions and law come together.

Human Rights are those rights, which should be available to every individual without any discrimination of any kind. Recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom. The most important right of a Human is the right to life. It is the supreme human right from which no derogation is permitted. It is inalienable. The Article 6(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibit the arbitrary deprivation of life. But there are some controversial issues related to this supreme right. One such issue is the question of Right to abortion. Among other rights of women, it is believed that every mother has a right to abortion, it is a universal right. But the rights of the mother are to be balanced with the rights of the unborn.Earlier the right to abortion was not permitted and it was strongly opposed by the society. The termination of pregnancy was termed to be a murder of the fetus. But due to the change in time and technology, nowadays this right has been legally sanctioned by most of the nations after the famous decision of Roe Vs Wade by the US Supreme Court. But the oppositions are still present and people do believe that it should be legally prohibited.The question which is the reason for this discussion is- whether a mother has a right to abortion vis a vis the right to life of the unborn .Throughout history, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy. An individual’s personal stance on the complex ethical, moral, and legal issues has a strong relationship with the given individual’s value system.

All these factors are quite relevant and the Indian statute on abortion does not pay any respect to them. The law thus is unreasonable and could well be found to be violative of the principles of equality provided under Article 14 and Article 21 of the Constitution.

In the case of Nand Kishore Sharma vs Union of India, the court had to decide the validity of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act. It was argued that the Act particularly Section 3(2)(a) and (b) and Explanations I and II to Section 3 of the Act as being unethical and violative of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The court in the case had to determine when the foetus comes to life and hence if his right to life is violated by the said provisions. The court in this case refused to comment on the attribution of the status of a “person” to the fetus, however it declared that the Act is valid.

In the case of V. Krishnan vs G. Rajan, the court held that for an abortion, though the guardian’s

consent is required, the minors consent is also important and should be taken. Case laws show that the woman’s consent is of the utmost importance, and no one can take this right away from her.

 

Hence the situation in India can be summed up as the right to abortion not being absolute as it is subject to the Sections 312-314 of the IPC, PCPNDT Act and the Sec 3 of the MTP. The consent of the husband is not required and in case of minors, the consent of minor is just as important as the guardians. Introduction of Medical Abortion in India is a landmark movement in the road to improvement of women’s health. Medical abortion gives women access to pregnancy termination which is not intrusive and has little or no side effects. In a recent case, the Bombay High Court refused permission to abort a 26-week foetus with a serious heart defect after rejecting the mother’s plea to terminate the pregnancy. Niketa and Haresh Mehta along with their doctor Nikhil Datar approached the court for medical termination of pregnancy after physicians had diagnosed the unborn child with a congenital disorder. Niketa was informed of this congenital heart block in the 24th week of her pregnancy.

Dismissing an application by Niketa Mehta, Bombay HC observed that medical experts did not express any “categorical opinion that if the child is born it would suffer from serious handicaps.” The court noted that even if the couple had approached before 20 weeks it would not have been possible to allow abortion, as the medical opinion was contrary.

Mehta also sought an amendment to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act so that pregnancy can be terminated even after 20 weeks if doctors believe that the child, if born, will have serious abnormalities, so as to render it handicapped. As per the 37-year-old abortion control laws, a pregnancy can be terminated after 20 weeks only if there was a fatal risk to the mother and not the foetus. But a division bench of Justice R M S Khandeparkar and Amjad Sayed observed that they could not alter the provision.

The court took into account the opinion of a three-member panel of doctors of JJ Hospital which contradicted its earlier finding when it said there “were least chances” that the child would be born with a handicap. The panel earlier said there were “fair chances” the child would be born handicapped or incapacitated.

The petitioners had contended they wanted to abort the child since it would need a pace maker right from the time of birth and the quality of its life would be poor. The couple, who hail from a middle class background, told the court the child would need a pace maker, which costs about Rs. one lakh and which has a limited life. Changing the pace maker every five years was not even economically viable for the family. Had Niketa Mehta been a resident of US or UK, she would have in all likelihood got a judicial go-ahead to abort her fetus.

With fetal monitoring becoming more commonplace and precise in tracking abnormalities, there are a plethora of stories from across the world of desperate women pursuing the legal path.

On May 10, 2007, a mysterious Miss D only known as a 17-year-old who was living with her boyfriend —made it to the headlines in Dublin papers for winning the HC’s permission to visit Britain for an abortion.The 17-year-old was told by doctors that her four-month fetus would not live more than a few days beyond its birth.

Back home, Niketa’s case highlighted the need to raise the 20- week legal limit. But in Britain, which had a liberal 28-week limit in 1990 that was scaled down to 24 weeks, third trimester (after six months) abortions are not unknown.

Couples look forward to an ultrasound examination as an opportunity to meet their unborn child. That is how the health-care industry has oversold the role of ultrasound in pregnancy. The seductive ‘come and see your baby’ on one hand and threatening horror stories of foetal abnormalities on the other are spread to ensure business. Once abnormality is confirmed the only option in most cases is to terminate the pregnancy. Any treatment currently available to correct foetal abnormalities before birth is at best experimental. The limit of 20 weeks puts undue pressure on the doctors making a diagnosis and on the couples making difficult choices. The haste may lead to grave mistakes, or even worse couples may choose to abort on a suggestion or a doubt, rather than wait for confirmatory tests which may take the pregnancy beyond 20 weeks. The aim of prenatal diagnosis is to prevent the birth of an abnormal child. The whole science of prenatal diagnosis is meaningless if abortion is not allowed even when gross abnormality is confirmed. Unfortunately abortion is still illegal in India under laws enacted in the 19th century. Some abortions are allowed now under the euphemistic Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.

The Act was made to facilitate abortion for birth control, considered a national priority then, and not quite the ‘enlightened legislation’ one hoped for. It does not empower women but allows medical practitioners to perform abortion whenever they want, for ‘family planning’ or for money in private practice.

Foetal abnormality was considered a reason to abort in the 1971 Act but little was available then in terms of prenatal diagnosis. All techniques of prenatal diagnosis including ‘triple TEST’, ultrasounds, chromosomal and DNA analysis and tests for foetal infections came much later. These are complicated and expensive tests and take weeks. In many cases, the pregnancy crosses 20 weeks by the time a diagnosis is confirmed. The limited access to health care further delays diagnosis in India. The law, however, has not been amended to accommodate these late abortions of the abnormal foetus if required.

Laws have been amended in most countries to allow late abortions since prenatal diagnostic

techniques became available. The legality tend to collide and combine, complicating the issue at hand. Abortion debates, especially pertaining to abortion laws, are often spearheaded by advocacy groups belonging to one of two camps. Most often those in favor of legal prohibition of abortion describe themselves as pro-life while those against legal restrictions on abortion describe themselves as pro-choice. Both are used to indicate the central principles in arguments for and against abortion: “Is the fetus a human being with a fundamental right to life” for pro-life advocates, and, for those who are pro-choice, “Does a woman have the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion” the legal regulations have abrogated the women’s right to liberty to a great extent, particularly with respect to right to self determination,right to have control over her body and right to abortion. These regulations have created serious inroads into a women’s right to life and liberty and it has become nothing more than an illusion. It is, therefore, submitted that females should be given right to have control over their body and consequently right to have or not to have child.  Furthermore, the State should, instead of framing regulatory measures, concentrate an raising the status of women in society especially in the rural India and towards this end special efforts are needed for the education of women.

 

 

 

[1] Sonakshi Verma,B.A LL.B, 3nd  year ,Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University

[2] www.waroom.com/abortion/india.htm

student

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-09-02  ::  dan

Role Ofnon Governmental Organizations in Tribal Development in India

Wednesday 1 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

Introduction

The non-governmental or the voluntary organisations have been playing a crucial role in all the socio-economic spheres, including that of the tribal peoples, in India. At one level, they can be termed as the ‘means’ by which the nation makes optimum use of its human resources. However, the mushrooming of voluntary organisations working in the field of rural development in recent years has generated widespread debate about their role, structure, programmes and performance.

 

A unique feature of voluntary organisations is that they stimulate voluntary action among the target community and involve the progressive elements of that community. In the present context of human resource development, voluntary organisations, in their functioning, have demonstrated the freedom and flexibility of working with a personal touch, a capacity for initiative and experimentation with novel programmes. Thus, voluntary organisations exercise full freedom in selecting localities for programme implementation and are free of bureaucratic hassles. In the Indian context, the attributes of a tribe are that they live in relative isolation of hills and covered forests, and often in geographical areas inaccessible to the mainstream population. Tribes generally are groups without a written letter or script. Their sense of history is shallow or mixed with mythology, and in terms of their cultural ethos, language, customs, institutions and beliefs, they stand out from other sections of society.

In India, tribes have different names such as vanyajati, vanavasi, pahariya, adimajati, janajati, anusuchit jati and scheduled tribes — all of which mean the ‘aboriginal’. India stands second interms of tribal population after Africa in the world. According to the 2001 Census, the total population of the tribals is 84.2 million, and accounts for 8.2% of the country’s population. There are about 689 scheduled tribes speaking about 105 languages and 225 subsidiary languages. They have traditionally lived in about 15% of the nation’s geographical area, mainly forests, hills and the undulating inaccessible terrain in plateau areas that are rich in natural resources. They have lived mostly as isolated entities for centuries together and this explains their politico-socio-economic backwardness.

 

However, we have to acknowledge that even before the freedom struggle a few voluntary organisations were active in the sphere of tribal welfare. They also played a significant role in the field of rural development and nation building and continued to do so. Many great personalities took initiatives to form such organisations, which at present, are performing a key role at the grassroots level in implementing various developmental works. Until such time that a genuinely democratic machinery of governance evolves, there will remain a strong urge for voluntary organisations to play a mediating role between the State and the people.

 

As early as 1871, the Bhil Seva Mandal came up in Gujarat. At that time, A.V. Thakkar was the moving spirit behind voluntary organisations committed to tribal development. By the time India got independence, he could establish more than 20 voluntary institutions in different parts of the country. Some other leaders in the Indian National Congress were also involved in tribal development activities. Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s Bharatiya Adim Jati Sevak Sangh helped a lot in shaping the tribal policy when the Indian Constitution at the drafting stage. Various approaches have been evolved in the country in the domain of tribal affairs; prominent among them are the voluntary agency approach, the political approach and the anthropological approach. These three approaches find support in three important policies: 1. Policy of Isolation 2. Policy of Assimilation and 3. Policy of Integration.

After Independence, the policy of integration was found to be the most suitable one. Also, Nehru’s concept of tribal integration was reflected in the successive five-year plans. The policy of integration is the outcome of serious research activities undertaken by many social anthropologists in India. Its main objective is ‘social integration and cultural assimilation’. It was in the fifth five-year plan that the tribal sub-plan (TSP) approach was adopted. In order to fulfill the sub-plan objectives nearly 198 ITDAs and 257 MADA pocket, 78 clusters and 75 micro projects for primitive tribal groups (PTGs) were set up all over the country. Consequently, various strategies came into being. With the passage of time, it has widely been noted that the programmes and activities related to tribal development cannot be implemented by the governments alone. Thus, the significance of participation of the community and the role of voluntary organisations/NGOs was realised in this all-important sphere.

Objectives:

To study the role of NGO’s / voluntary organizations in tribal development.

To study the budgetary allocations for tribal welfare.

To analyse the amount spent for various developmental programs like vocational training centres and literacy programs.

To study the tribal participation in the NGO sector.

Methodology:

The present study used the literature available in different tribal welfare departments, government of India source on tribal welfare, its budgetary allocation and their analysis. A detailed analysis was made using budgetary allocations and their expenditure on the literacy rate improvement, vocational training and other welfare activities. An interpretation was made from the financial year 2001-02 to 2006-07 on the different developmental programs.

Voluntary organisations are necessary:

to supplement government efforts in such fields where the administrative machinery has no reach

to fight against policies and actions which encourage exploitation of the helpless groups and render help to such social groups, including the tribal groups, to stand on their own feet to protect their ways of living and lifestyles.

A voluntary organisation can easily adapt itself to the needs of the people. A sensitive worker can assess each specific situation with sympathy and personal care. Thus, the gulf that arises between what should be done and what is being done as a result of some what inflexible operation of the administrative apparatus, can be bridged.

Objectives of NGOs / voluntary organisations

Whatever the nature of NGOs/voluntary organisations, they play a key role in the upliftment of the weaker sections of society. The objectives of voluntary or non-governmental agencies include some or all of the following:

To create an awareness regarding participation in socio-economic development

To create an able and efficient local leadership

To assist in the planned efforts to create socio-economic infrastructural facilities

To facilitate the process of expanding employment opportunities

To induce appropriate persons to set up small scale productions and

To make the tribals give up the pre-agricultural technology and seek better education.

Role of NGOs / voluntary organisations

NGOs/voluntary organisations have a long history of active involvement in the promotion of human welfare and development. They come up with a mission to serve a human cause, spontaneously-voluntarily and without any compulsion or control, to fulfill certain needs of specific groups of people. These organisations are flexible and possess the virtue of humanitarian service with concern. Voluntary action is the soul of social action as this medium secures active involvement of the people from policy making to implementation of programmes. Their activities cover a diverse range of functions in the welfare sector. The programmes of voluntary organisations are strictly service-oriented, professional in nature and specialized in functions. The essential feature of voluntary action is that it fixes the problem. It starts to not only to solve a problem but also to prevent the occurrence of it. Voluntary action, thus, ultimately aims at creating a situation conducive to the development of potentialities in individuals, groups and communities so they can find solutions to their problems and realise their ultimate goals.

Regarding the role and nature of voluntary organisations, there appears to be two different views. Some are happy with the functioning of such organisations and plead for their increasing role. According to them, these organisations should be given ample scope to serve people. For, the government agencies, crippled as they are with bureaucratic complications and rigidity, have failed to work satisfactorily. Others hold that it is undesirable to give undue importance and authority to voluntary agencies as there is a great possibility of institutionalizing the chances.

In this context, the suggestion is that the voluntary organisations should be given ample scope to work in collaboration and co-operation with the government agencies and subject to strict government scrutiny and monitoring. The need for involving the NGOs in rural development was highlighted and acknowledged by various official committees set up by the Government of India. One of these was the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) which in its report emphasized that during the implementation of community development schemes more and more emphasis should be laid on NGO’s /VOs. The Dhebar Commission in its report on the scheduled areas and Scheduled Tribes opined that the principle of active and purposeful participation of people at all levels could best be served by assigning an important role to non-official organisations. It is necessary in any democratic framework to take up some of the nation-building activities under non-official auspices.

The report of the committee on Panchayat Raj Institutions (1973) appreciated the role of voluntary organisations in the development of rural and interior areas. The committee reiterated that these organisations could be particularly involved in conceiving projects and schemes. They can be of great help in creating strong public opinion in support of measures of social change. The Sivaraman Committee set up by the Government of India also recommended involvement of voluntary organisations in planning and implementation of the integrated rural development programmes. Thus, there exists a widespread agreement among all the concerned that voluntary organisations have an important role to play in the overall development of the rural areas.

Grant-in-Aid to voluntary organisations for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the key governmental agency with respect to the welfare and development of the tribal peoples all over the country. It is the responsibility of the ministry to reach the target groups, particularly the tribals living in remote and inaccessible areas. The objective is to bring them into the mainstream of development by assisting them to overcome their social, psychological and educational backwardness. Capacity building is the key factor here. Such training would equip them to employ their capabilities to their fullest potential thereby reducing their reliance on others and achieving self-sustenance to the maximum extent possible – which is the ultimate goal of the government.

 

The NGOs supplement the efforts of the State in ensuring that the benefits reach the maximum number of people. In certain cases, voluntary organisations are in a better position to implement the governmental schemes in a more efficient manner than the administrative machinery. This is primarily attributable to the highly committed and dedicated human resources that are available with the voluntary organisations. The role of NGOs was in the reckoning since the first five-year plan. Many organisations have done commendable job in tribal areas and are still active. Since the last two decades, there has been an exponential growth in the number of NGO/VOs approaching the ministry of tribal affairs for financial assistance.

It has been felt that along with few very dedicated and committed voluntary organisations / non-governmental organisations a large number of other organisations have also come up that want to grab public funds for their narrow and selfish interests. The ministry would take all the possible steps to curb the entry of such voluntary organisations/non–governmental organisations in the field of tribal welfare. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs feels that some organisations solely depend on aid from the government. This situation has to change. The voluntary organisations should aim to expand their effort on the support from the government and thereafter establish other support systems that could free them from financial constraints.

It should be the intention of the organisations to obtain support of other sources for their work. This can happen after they establish themselves with the support of the government and prove their usefulness to society, at large. If the impression that NGOs can support themselves financially gains ground, then the support of corporate houses and even the community would follow as a natural consequence. Contribution, both in kind and cash, would come easily once their credentials are firmly established. Additional resources, if necessary, could also be mobilised. Voluntary organisations should make all possible efforts to involve the community in their work. Community participation helps in building confidence among the people and in providing feedback for further improvement and reorientation of the programmes. Thus, the long-term interests of the tribal communities can be served. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs endeavors to provide full advantage of all schemes to the non-governmental organisations/voluntary organisations that have absolute credentials in the field of tribal welfare. It also wants to promote new groups with brilliant ideas and new strategies for the speedy development of the targeted people.

It has been the constant endeavor of the ministry to identify the voluntary organisations/non-governmental organisations which have an all India character and known for their selfless service and facilitate them with some preferential treatment with regard to sanction of new proposals and relaxation of certain norms and conditions relating to release of annual grants. In this direction, the ministry has identified a few such organisations and categorized them as “Established Voluntaries Agencies (EVAs)”

The following organisations have been identified as the EVAs by the ministry:

Ram Krishna Mission and its affiliated organisations

Akhil Bharatiya Banavasi Kalyan Ashram

Bharat Sevashram Sangh and its affiliates

Bharatiya Adim Jati Sevak Sangh

Seva Bharati & its affiliated organisations

Vidya Bharati and its affiliated organisations

Swami Vivekanand Youth Movement

Schemes in the voluntary sector

There are three on-going schemes with the ministry, which are open to participation of the voluntary and non-governmental organisations. The schemes are:

Grant–in–aid to voluntary organisations working for welfare of scheduled tribes (GVWST).

Educational complex in low literacy pockets for the development of women’s literacy in tribal areas (ECLP)

Vocational training centers (VTC)

In addition to the said schemes, the ministry has an exclusive programme for non-governmental organisations with regard to the development of primitive tribal groups (PTGs)

Scheme of grant-in-aid to voluntary organisations working for the welfare of the scheduled tribes (GVWST)

Objective: The prime objective of the scheme is to provide for an overall improvement and development of the target group i.e., the scheduled tribes though voluntary efforts in the fields of education, health & sanitation, environment, drinking water and legal services as well as the need-based socio-economic upliftment efforts. It also supports other relevant activity deemed appropriate and having a direct impact on the target group. The scheme is under implementation since 1953-54.

Salient features: The grants are provided to the non-governmental organisations on their application in prescribed formats, in the form of supporting projects that meet the objectives of the scheme. The NGO’s are required to maintain separate accounts in respect of the grants released to them, which are open for inspection by all appropriate officers/agencies of the government. The NGO is also required to maintain separate accounts of Grant-in-Aid audited by the Government Auditor or a Registered Chartered Accountant and submit complete set of copies of Audited Statement of Accounts as prescribed by the Ministry. The grants are generally made in two installments every year subject to satisfactory performance of the NGO. Activities of the NGOs are monitored as per the established provisions of the Financial Rules besides field inspection by the Ministry or the State Government officials or by any other agency designated by the Ministry.

Funding Pattern: Funds are granted – to the extent of 100 per cent – directly to the Non-Governmental Organizations working in the Scheduled Areas based on the recommendations of the State Governments and the Union Territories. The non-governmental organizations are supported to the extent of 90 percent of the project cost for projects in areas other than Scheduled Areas. However, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has the discretion to assist even up to hundred percent.

 

Schemes of Educational Complex in Low Literacy Pockets

The Scheme was introduced in 1993-94 in 136 districts with less than 10 per cent literacy rate among tribal women. It is being implemented through:

Non-Governmental Organizations

Institutions set up by the Government as Autonomous Bodies and

Registered Co-operative Societies.

Objectives: The primary objective of the scheme is the promotion of education among tribal girls in the targeted districts of the country. The secondary objective is to improve the socio-economic status of the economically backwards and the illiterate tribal masses.

 

Coverage: The scheme covers 136 districts with less than 10 percent literacy among ST women spread over 14 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and West Bengal.

 

Procedure for Release of Grant-in-aid and Funding Pattern

The extent of assistance under the scheme would be 100% in all cases.

In the event of the Ministry of Welfare itself executing any element of the programme i.e. engagement of consultants, for project formulation, monitoring and evaluation, as well as expenses towards cost of training of NGO functionaries, etc, full cost shall be borne from the budgetary provision of the scheme.

Under the programme, while predefined cost heads are stipulated at the project formulation stage, each implementing agency shall submit a detailed project proposal clearly bringing out the programme modalities and individual expenditure heads. Ministry of Welfare while approving the project shall indicate the extent of support to the project as a whole as well as to each component of the project against which re-appropriation to the extent 20% of the total grant shall be permissible.

Salient Feature: Educational complexes can be set up in rural areas in the notified districts and can have classes up to V with provision for up-gradation up to Class XII provided they have sufficient accommodation for classrooms, hostels, kitchen, and garden and for sporting facilities. These educational complexes impart not only formal education to tribal girls but also train students in agriculture, animal husbandry and other vocations and crafts as to make them skilled for leading a better life. The teaching from classes I to III is imparted in tribal dialects of the area and women with proficiency in tribal dialect are engaged as teachers. The strength of students for each class is fixed at 30, however a maximum of 10 more students, if available, in the locality are admitted as day scholars.

Performance of the schemes

Table 1: Grant- in-aid to voluntary working for the welfare of scheduled Tribes

(Rs in Crores)

Year

Allocation

Expenditure

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

2006-2007

BE RE

27.00 —

32.00 31.95

30.00 25.21

30.00 29.00

22.00 22.00

26.00 30.00

11.00

30.4866

26.9030

29.3008

26.1087

14.08 (upto31.12.06)

Source: status of Tribal in India.

From this table it can be concluded there is not much increase in the amount spent for the tribal welfare through Grant-in-aid. In the year 2001-02 an amount of 27 crores was allocated but only eleven crores was spent. In the following years all most all the allocated amount was spent completely but there no increase in the budget allocation.

Establishment of Ashram schools

The Ashram schools have played an important role in raising the literacy levels of the scheduled Tribes. They provide the necessary environment conductive to learning. The schedule is in operation since 1990-91.

Construction of Girls Hostel for scheduled Tribes

The main objective of the scheme is to ensure adequate enrolment of scheduled Tribes girls in educational institutions, particularly at the school stage. The scheme of girls’ hostels for scheduled tribes has been in operation since the Third Five Year Plan.

Construction of Boys Hostel for Schedule Tribes

The main objective of the scheme is to ensure adequate enrolment of Scheduled Tribes boys in educational institutions, particularly, at the high school level. The scheme of Boys Hostel for Scheduled Tribes has been in operation since 1989-90 under the Centrally-sponsored scheme of Establishment of Boy’s Hostel in Tribal Sub-Plan areas.

Schemes for Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)

Objective: There are certain tribal communities that are having low levels of literacy, declining or stagnant population, and pre-agriculture level of technology and are economically backward. There are 75 such groups in 15 States/UTs that have been identified and categorized as the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs). Each of these groups is small in number, differentially developed with respect to one another, of remote habitat with poor administrative and infrastructure back up. Therefore, they are in urgent need of support from the government as well as the non-government agencies. Their protection and development at par with other tribal groups has to be accorded utmost priority.

 

The problems and needs of PTGs are quite different from other scheduled tribes. Since they constitute the most vulnerable among tribal groups, States/UTs have been requested to allocate requisite funds and plan special schemes for their socio-economic development. However, there are areas/activities, which though very crucial for the survival, protection and development of PTGs, are not specifically catered to by any existing scheme. Funds under this scheme should be used for such activities.

Scope: Such provisions/activities should not be identified only at the central level as they may differ from State to State and within a State from project to project (ITDA). However, funds under the scheme could be used for helping the beneficiaries of the project to cope with extremely adverse situations that threaten their very survival and protect them against various forms of exploitation thereby bringing them to a stage from where they can demand and receive specific assets and services. The activities under the scheme may include measures such as awareness generation and confidence-building, training for skill development of tribal youth, self help groups and provision of services/ inputs not covered by any existing scheme. In terms of beneficiaries, the scheme can cover maximum number of the PTGs.

Implementing agency: The scheme will be implemented through integrated tribal development projects (ITDP) / Integrated Tribal Development agencies (ITDAs), tribal research institutes (TRI) and non governmental organisations having requisite skills and determination. The State government concerned will be responsible for proper execution, implementation, supervision and coordination of the scheme, including selection of NGOs.

Terms& Conditions

The financial assistance as provided under the scheme should be utilized for the purpose it has been sanctioned and for the welfare of the members of the Primitive Tribal Groups

The financial assistance given to ITDPs/ ITDAs and TRIs would deemed to be given to the state governments concerned and rules and regulation governing the grant in aid to States / UTs will apply to them.

The implementing agency shall allow the representative of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs or the State government to monitor or evaluate the actual working of the scheme.

The private agencies (NGOs) shall furnish a certificate to the effect that they accept the grant sanctioned to them subject to terms and conditions laid down by the Tribal Affairs Ministry. They should also furnish a bond with two sureties in the name of the competent authority signed by an office bearer duly authorized by the Board of Directors of the agency for the actual implementation of the scheme and submit accounts of the grant sanctioned by the ministry.

Table 2: Grant-in-aid to low literacy pockets in tribal areas (Rs in Crores).

Year

Allocation

Expenditure

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

BE RE

8.00 7.00

8.00 6.00

8.50 8.00

6.00 6.00

6.00

5.7482

7.6793

6.00 (upto31.12.05)

Source: Status of tribal in India

From the table 2 one can observe that the expenditure incurd was not the total amount sanctioned. For example in the year 2002 -03 an amount of 7 crores rupees was allocated but only 6 crores was spent. It is nearly the same spending in the next three following financial years.

Vocational Training Centers

Objectives: There is a great need for vocational training centers in tribal areas where the Left wing extremism is on the rise. Large-scale unemployment has been stoking rebellious tendencies among the tribal youth in such areas. The extremism is manifestation of frustration and lack of faith in the present pattern of development. It is necessary that both the State and Central governments should make efforts to wean away the tribal youth from disruptive activities. Establishing vocational training institutes and creating a wide range of employment opportunities can be the way forward.

Table 3: Grant-in-aid for vocational training centres in tribal areas (Rs in Crores)

Year

Allocation

Expenditure

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

2005-2006

BE RE

6.00 3.00

4.00 2.00

4.00 1.50

1.40 1.40

2.3044

1.1801

0.5654

0.7341 (upto31.12.05)

Source: Status of tribal in India

From the table 3, the amount spent for vocational training centers is very less and also the amount being spent on such programs is being reduced. In the year 2002-03 though the amount that was sanctioned was 3 crores, only 2.3 crores was spent. This trend continued in the following years.

Non-governmental organisations shall meet the following requirements:



 

It is a registered body under an appropriate Act so that it gets a corporate status. A legal personality and a group liability have to be established for its activities.

It has an appropriate administrative structure and a duly constituted managing/executive committee

The aims and objects of the organisations and programmes in fulfillment of those aims and objects are preciously laid down and

The organisation is initiated and governed by its own members on democratic principles without any external control.

Procedure for Release of Grant-in-Aid

Under the scheme, 100% Central assistance will be given to States/UTs/NGOs for setting up and running of vocational training centres.

In the event of ministry of welfare itself executing any element of the programme i.e. engagement of consultants for project formulation, monitoring and evaluation as well as expenses towards cost of training of NGO functionaries etc. full cost shall be borne from the budgetary provision of the scheme.

Under the programme while no predefined cost heads shall be stipulated at the project formulation stage, each implementing agency shall submit a detailed project proposal clearly bringing out the programme modalities and individual expenditure heads. Ministry of welfare while approving the projects shall indicate the extent of support to the project as whole as well as to each component of the project against which re-appropriation to the extent of 20%of the total grant shall be permitted.

Conclusion

In India, we have a pluralistic society as opposed to a monolithic culture. The voluntary organisations cater to the needs of our cultural plurality. If we would like to avoid concentration of power in the hands of a few, we must retain this multi-ethnic character of a free society and make full use of it. Voluntary organisations can serve as ‘power breakers’. Efforts should be made to prepare people for a new kind of society through voluntary work. When the State’s resources are limited, voluntary action would bring forth additional resources and cover the areas hitherto uncovered by the State. In view of their flexibility in operation, ability at experimentation and innovation, pioneering spirit and other such qualities, voluntary organisations can continue to work for better standards, better methods and better forms of organisation. There is an argument that at the empirical-existential level voluntary agencies are nothing but the stooges of the ruling elite and the corporate sector, mainly of the capital finance variety. In this new role, voluntary organisations have created a crisis that begs a comprehensive solution.

However, given the circumstances in terms of administrative or governmental reach, especially in the implementation of welfare schemes for the tribal peoples, we for once cannot deny the positive role of the non-governmental organisations. There are many areas yet to blink the state’s radar. They are either very remote or inaccessible. In such a situation, the concerned and committed civil society groups have no other alternative but voluntary approach. The role of NGOs in the fields of education, health, sanitation, housing and particularly agriculture has not been a wide ranging one. We shall hope they would expand their area of action.

References:

G.S. Ghurye, The scheduled Tribes, 2nd Edition, 1958

Dhebar, Commission Report on Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes, Delhi, 1961.

D.R. Methe, “Legal Protection to Tribals and Tribal Development A New Deal for Tribals and Tribal Development” in S.G. Deogaonkar (ed), Problems of Development of Tribal Areas, 1980

Verrier Elwin, A New Deal for Tribal India, 1963

S.C. Dude, “Approaches to Tribal Problems in India, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, 1968

Kulkarni, V.M. Voluntary Action in a Developing Society, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public Administration, 1969.

Gore, M.S., ‘Relative Roles of State and Voluntary Agencies in the Organisation of Social Services”, Proceedings of the seminar on ‘So Administration in Developing Countries’, New Delhi, India International Centre, New Delhi, 1964,

Franda, Marcus, Voluntary Associations and Local Development in India : The Janta phase, New Delhi, Young Asia Publications, 1983

Verghese, B.G., “Voluntary Action: A New Mission for the New Missionaries”, Voluntary Action, XIV: 1, January- October, 1977

Windey, M.A. “A Rural Reconstruction Movement in India “ Voluntary Action, XVIII: 3-4 March- April , 1976

Shah, Ghanshyam and Chaturvedi, H.R. Gandhian Approach to Rural Development: The Valid Experiment, Delhi, Ajanta Book International, 1983


1M. RAKESH. M.A., B.Ed. Department of Economics, Osmania University. Hyderabad.


Rakesh is a research scholar in the Department of Economics ,Osmania University,Hyderabaed.india

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MAOIST THREAT TO INTERNAL SECURITY IN INDIA

Wednesday 1 September 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

MAOIST THREAT TO INTERNAL SECURITY IN INDIA

*Goteti Himabindu **Dr.N.V.S.Suryanarayana ***N.Suryakanthi

The maoist problem in India has a long history. It is one of those movements which over the years have changed color from a pristine white to a dark shade of black. The roots of the problem lie not in some terrorist movement and neither is it the product of the state funded cross border terrorism. The roots of this problem lie in the Freedom struggle of India. Back in the heydays of the freedom struggle, the naaxals were a band of outlaws in and around the West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa border. They lived in the jungles and made military style guerrilla attacks on the British sponsored East India Company. They were the cowboys, who much like the Robin Hood of fables, took from the rich and gave to the poor. Their ranks were full of idealists and although they did not have a very literate cross-section within them, they made enough idealistic speeches to please the literate factions of the freedom movement. In fact in a lot of sections of society in India, they are still looked upon as the saviors! But the noble nature of the naxal movement became tarnished as the “maoist” problem took shape. After the freedom movement the various factions of the naxals receded into the jungles where the reach of law was poor. They wanted their own world and the lack of a functional police force in recently freed India – afforded them the opportunity to create ranks of foot soldiers from the rural populations.

As India matured as a country – the police force became more and more corrupt (reasons for that will be explored in a later article). This created a general dissatisfaction among most Indians and more so among the rural populations. Their lot was neglected totally in terms of infrastructure development projects and amenities never reached their homes. Moreover the police personnel became like small dictators – brandishing a vile incarnation of the law. They used the law to ruthlessly oppress and exploit the poor rural populations. This lead to a potent breeding ground for the “maoist” movement. Small factions from the naxal cadres joined to form the maoists and together they wreaked havoc on the police force. However as was the case with the police, the maoists gradually became more and more violent and authoritarian in their approach. And now they have become a national problem. Comprising a group of ragtag criminals and other anti-social elements, the maoists in their existence have proved that in many outlying areas democracy has totally failed in this country. The most important component of any solution to the Maoist problem has to be an effective police force in the affected areas. Without the effective implementation of the law, any attempt to rehabilitate the affected populations will fail. That is because the inefficiency of the laws is what the Maoists use as a tool to sell their way of life. The frustration of the rural populations with the local policemen and the judiciary is what fuels this fire called maoism. Another important concept in the fight against the insurgency is infrastructure development. Most of the outlying areas do not have good roads or other basic infrastructure. This leads to an accessibility problem of immense proportions. Aid cannot reach these areas in case of an emergency or calamity. A lot of times because of the bad roads the maoists are able to stop security forces in their tracks. Also the lack of basic infrastructure is the cause of frustration among the rural populations, and lend credence to the Maoists point of view – that the Indian government has forsaken the rural populations.

Education is the third most effective tool to use. The fight against the Maoists cannot be won in a day. Nor can they be removed after a military exercise of any sort. The illiteracy among the rural populations will ensure that the maoists keep receiving fresh recruits, who can easily be brainwashed with tall stories and promises. Also education helps to make the weaker sections of the rural population to feel more comfortable while interacting with the government and its representatives. They become more open to the idea of seeking help through due process rather than using the violent ways propagated by the Maoists. One essential dimension to any solution will have to be an openness on the part of the government to abandon its inflexible stance and give some thought to creating special regulations to speed up the pace of development in these areas through private players. Things like tax discounts for companies setting up offices in these areas is one such method. Another method could be to give special relaxed norms for small industries in these areas. The strict licensing structure that is prevalent in most of India has to be relaxed in these areas to bring more of the entrepreneurial initiative to the front.

The maoist problem has reached alarming proportions in most of central and east India. They are spreading their roots now to the south and to the west. If they are handled with the same foot dragging that the government is generally known for, then very soon we will have a full fledged war on our hands. On the one hand will be the maoists with their cadres of the illiterate poor and on the other a lethargic administration with their legions of corrupt and inefficient police personnel. Such a situation is a potential breeding ground for a long terms disaster which may not be fixable in the near future!  “It is neither a local law and order problem, nor a problem of a single state. It is a national challenge that demands a comprehensive strategy. This strategy must take into account not only the policing or the military aspects, but also the economic, social and cultural dimensions,”

Reasons for failure earlier of naxalite movement

In a methodical study Dr. Sailen Debnath has surmised the consequences and reasons of failures of the Naxalite Movement organised by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal. He writes “The Naxalite movement, though continued intensively from 1967 to the middle of 1970s and resurfaced after some years, could not go a long way achieving anything commendable because of the following reasons:-

1. The Naxalites wanted to surround the towns and cities by the villages, i.e. they wanted to encircle the urban centres with organized peasant forces of the villages. If the peasant militia could have occupied the cities, according to Majumdar, the so-called bourgeois government would fall making the passage to the coming of a socialist government; but the Naxalites could not and did not come up to a stage capable of organizing the peasants and thereby encircling the towns. 2. Majumdar gave sole importance to secret organization and armed training of its members for the purpose of eliminating the class enemies. As the Naxalites did not have mass level organization, they lacked mass support. Only with select few armed elements not properly educated in political line no big thing could be done.3. “Khatam” or the action of eliminating the so-called class enemies in villages was a wrong principle of political mobilization by individual murder of select few people whose political class- character was never adjudged by their socio-economic conditions, and the properties they possessed, but very often only by their political affiliation or by the name and colour of the party or parties they directly or indirectly belonged to for a long or a short period of time. As for example in Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar they killed some petty jotdars who otherwise could have been comrades in action against the capitalists or could be friends in a revolution for radical change. 4. Recruitment in the Naxalite party was never done on proper judgment and scrutiny of the political characters and behaviours of the recruits. It so happened that many people only to feast on their animosities with their personal enemies got recruited in the Naxalite party only to utilize the help of the Naxalites to have their personal enemies in the neighbourhood killed on the basis of pseudo-identification of them as class enemies. 5. In many cases dreaded criminals too enrolled themselves in the Naxalite party with the objective of getting fire arms and to train themselves in the manufacture and use of fire arms. Thus very soon the party turned to be an organization of professional criminal outfits who soon deserted the party after their training period had been over or the cherished objective of owning armaments had been met or realized. Many of these criminals with fire arms soon turned to be dacoits and in many cases they informed the police all about the hidden training centres of the Naxalites and their main purpose in doing so was to have the original Naxalites arrested or else they themselves might fall victims of the Naxalites’ targets as approvers in favour of the government.. 6. The ruling Congress party inserted their supporters inside the unguarded and porous Naxalite organization for the purpose of knowing and finishing its secret bases and arresting its supporters, and in the same way, the personnels of the government intelligence branch and police too in disguise of Naxalite sympathizers got into the party’s inner organization and rounded most of its leaders including Charu Majumdar into the jail. Thus police had information all about the movements of Majumdar after he had gone underground in 1970, and he was nabbed in Calcutta in July, 1972. The end of his life came in the jail in some days after his arrest; and how he had to pass through the gate of death, most probably in the night of 27th or 28th July, 1972, nobody except the police and the government could know properly, of course, it was told from the side of the government that he died of heart attack.

 

7. Ordinary people in villages were terrified at the brutal and gruesome ways they killed the fellow villagers vilifying them as class enemies. As for example, at Bholardabri in Alipurduar they killed Rajen Pandit who was a refugee from East Pakistan and arduously was running a family of 12 dependents. By any means he was no class enemy at all. In another case they killed a person, chopped his head off the torso and hanged the head and the torso down the brunches of trees with ropes in two separate places, the horrible sights of which cast a gloom on the faces of bemoaning villagers. Certainly after that they could count no support from the villagers at all.

 

8. Unbridled repressive measures of the government proved to be more than capable in exterminating the Naxalites in the Districts of Northern Bengal as well as in the whole of West Bengal. Hundreds were slaughtered by the police and paramilitary forces in fake encounters, in jails and in police custody. Many perished because of third degree punishment. The suppression of the Naxalites did not mean to be a heavy task for a government whose objective was to run things smoothly with the help of the British penal code of colonial era under the command of the bureaucrats, police and military who inherited the attitude of their predecessors under the British imperial Government”.(Ref. Sailen Debnath, West Bengal in Doldrums,

Lalgarh violence

In late May, 2009 in Lalghar, West Bengal the Naxalites threw out the local police and staged attacks against the ruling communist government. The region came under assault by Maoist guerrillas. The state government initiated a major operation, with central paramilitary forces and state armed police, to retake Lalgarh in early June. Maoist leader Kishenji claimed in an interview that the mass Naxalite movement in Lalgarh in 2009 was aimed at creating a “liberated zone” against “oppression of the establishment Left and its police”. He stated this had given the Naxalites a major base in West Bengal for the first time since the Naxalite uprising in the mid-1970s and that “We will have an armed movement going in Calcutta by 2011″.

Salwa Judum (meaning “Peace March” or “Purification Hunt” in in gondi language) was initially an uprising of local indigenous people in Chattisghar, to fight the  Naxalite insurgency in India. Later, the Chhattisgarh state government recruited some of them as SPOs or ‘Special Police Officers’. These SPOs consisted of local tribals(including Ex-Naxalite) who were familiar with local terrain. Many of these civilians were children (just like naxalites), who were trained with point 303 rifils. The formation of Salwa Judum in the state witnessed a substantial rise of Naxalite activity in the Chattisgarh state. As a result in 2008, over 65% of the total naxal violence in the country was seen only in Chhattisgarh along with neighboring state of Jharkhand. The Chhattisgarh government on February 5, 2009, told the Supreme Court that the Salwa Judum was slowly disappearing in the State.

* Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana, M.Sc (Chem)., M.Sc (Applied Psychology)., M.Sc (Geo)., M.A (Eng)., M.A (Phil)., M.A (CC&E)., PGDCA., PGDEPM., PGDIPM., CFA., CPFN., Certificate in Guidance & Counseling (IGNOU)., C.Yoga & Con., M.Ed., M.Phil.(Education).,? Ph.D (Education)., Coordinator & Teaching Associate, Department of Education, Andhra University Campus, Vizianagaram, (AP)., Ph. 08922 ? 229339, Mobile- +91 9440348609, +91 7893136613, India, e-Mail ??suryanarayana_nvs@yahoo.com? ** Goteti Himabindu, M.A(Pub.Ad)., M.Li.Sc., M.A (Edn.)., M.Ed., M.Phil., (Ph.D).? Teaching Associate, Department of Politics., Andhra University Campus, Vizianagaram. (AP)., India e-Mail- gotetihimabindu@yahoo.com. *** N.Surya Kanthi M.A ., M.A.Ed., M.Phil., (Ph.D). Sr.Lecturer, Dept. of Telugu., M.R. Women’s College, Vizianagaram District., (AP)., India.

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Analysis of Marketing in Sabai Grass in the Socio-Economic Development of Tribals in Mayurbhanj District, Orissa (India)

Tuesday 31 August 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

Analysis of Marketing in Sabai Grass in the  Socio-Economic Development of   Tribals in Mayurbhanj District, Orissa (India).

Dr.U.N.Sahu *, Mr. Asit Ranjan Satpathy**

________________________________________________________________

Socio-Economic development involves an increase in the material well being of the society. In a country like India ,about 80 per cent of the population living in rural area and around 70 per cent of the population dependent on agriculture. Mayurbhanj is one of the richest districts in Orissa so far as forest and mineral wealth are concerned. Sabai grass industry plays a predominant role in shaping the economic destiny of the tribal people in the district. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the innovative schemes and the role of Sabai grass industry for the economic developments of growers of the district;. Results show that the tribal of Mayurbhanj district generates the Sabai grass product marketing demand in national and international market so as to develop the economic status.

INTRODUCTION

Mayurbhanj is said to be a land of tribals. Out of 62 tribal communities of Orissa, 45 communities are found in Mayurbhanj alone. The per capita income of Orissa as measured by net state domestic agricultural and forest product per head of population, was about 20 percent lower than the all India per capita income in 2008. It remained as much as 43 percent below that of national average in 2007-08.Thus it was intended to make all empirical investigation of rural income in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa and to assess the impact of agricultural  and forest product marketing programmes initiated by the Government  of Orissa over the years.

             It has also the highest percentage of hard working people. In spite of rich natural and human resources it is a poor district more than 48 per cent of the rural area people live below the poverty line. Though majority of population are dependent on primary sector, the agriculture is undeveloped because the district is lacking in irrigation facilities. In agricultural sector there is hardly any marketable surplus production in the district except for Sabai grass.

Sabai grass is practically considered to be “The Money Plant” which ensures cash receipt through out the year. The industry is associated with various activities of raising production of grass and processing of consumer goods such as ropes, mats, carpets, sofa sets, wall hangings and other sophisticated fashionable articles. The Sabai grass industry has tremendous export potential. Artistic designing Sabai products are very popular in foreign countries which earn precious foreign exchange for the country. The industry helps in the growth of entrepreneurship amongst the villagers. This ensures economic development through modernization and innovation of the industrial culture in rural areas.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

The main objective of this paper is to (i) To review the present growth of Sabai grass industry scenario of Orissa in comparison to other states in India ;(ii)To find out the innovative marketing schemes  and analyse the role of Sabai grass industry for the economic developments of the Mayurbhanj district; (iii)To examine the various State Government plans , programmes and their implementation in the  agricultural development of Sabai grass;(iv)To identify various marketing problems faced by the Sabai grass industries and to suggest suitable measures for solving them;(v)To explore the involvement of existing agencies (NGO, Bank and Co-operative Society) for development by the way of education, training and their support in financing for improving the Sabai grass products and processes. Mayurbhanj is a tribal dominated district having 26 blocks. The villages are selected on the basis of agricultural production of Sabai grass. The primary data are collected from the field sources by direct observation and interview to the persons associated with Sabai grass industry such as growers, processors, rope makers, entrepreneurs, traders and other intermediaries. The period of study is mainly confined to the years from 1999 to 2008.

The data analysis is undertaken mostly with the help of marketing dynamics and computer based statistical analysis.

The marketing dynamics includes (1) The planning of organization for marketing of Sabai grass products;(2)Diagnosis of the area sample formation in the Mayurbhanj district;(3)Participative analysis of market chains;(4)Creating and Implementing the concept of Sabai grass enterprise option;(5)Identification of supply, demand and gaps in the local business development services by designing the strategy to strength the market decision and communication as shown in the model for enterprise development in the sample area of Mayurbhanj district.

A Sabai grass product marketing model based information system is a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment, and procedures to collect, sort, analyze, evaluate and distribute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers in improve their marketing planning, implementation and control.

 

Internal Reports System

Marketing Research System

Marketing Intelligence System

Analytical Marketing System

Marketing Information System

Marketing Environment

 

Target Markets

Marketing Channels

Microenvironment forces

 

Marketing Environment

 

 

Analysis

Planning

Implementation

Control

 

Marketing Information

Marketing Information

Marketing Decisions and Communications to Tribals

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Marketing Model Based  Information System

The marketing model is extensively used to determine the Sabai grass product marketing demand in national and international market so as to develop the economic status of the cultivators.

The Computer based statistical analysis is carried out to identify the various economic factors impacting the Sabai grass production by applying the various statistical tools like Regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) .

Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) is an extension of discriminant analysis and a cousin of multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA), sharing many of the same assumptions and tests.

 

ANALYSIS

 

Most of the Sabai Grass plantations are located in the Revenue Sub-division of Baripada and Kaptipada of Mayurbhanj District.. Roughly the total area under Sabai Grass in district at present is about 22758 hectares Sabai Grass was in cultivation long since in the district, however, substantial extension of area was achieved during the 8th, 9th and 10th plan period. Up to the end of 7th plan the total area under Sabai Grass was estimated to be 9218 hects.

Sabai Grass is cultivated mostly by poor marginal and small farmers on their degraded lands. It is also collected by them as well as by the landless poor from the common pool village lands where it grows naturally. The per acre cost of production of Sabai Grass in the initial year works to around Rs.2,200. The cost for the second year is roughly Rs.650 and from the third year to ten year Rs.1000 per year. The produce is finally harvested in the 11th and 12th years. In the 11th year, the cost of harvesting is estimated at Rs.400 and in the 12th year at Rs.250. In the last two years, no maintenance is required and hence no maintenance costs. Thus the total cost of production over a period of 12 year works out Rs.11500 per acre.

The returns are realized from the sale of dry Sabai Grass which has a good market in the Mayurbhanj district. The total yield per acre over a period of 12 years was about 96 quintals (qt). The gross returns from the sale of Sabai Grass were estimated at the 2008 market price of Rs.500 per quintal. The gross returns over a period of 12 years were estimated to be Rs.48, 000 per acre and net return to be Rs.35, 500. The average net return per acre per annum over the 12 year period was Rs.3041. This represents a significant income from (land) resources that is degraded and whose opportunity cost is almost zero.

Sabai Grass of the Mayurbhanj district of Orissa is of good quality and has been accepted widely in the Indian market. Most of the traders prefer the Ropes made out of the Sabai Grass of this region. A large number of people are involved in this cottage industry (harvesting and rope making) or as a trader sending the produce (ropes) to the urban areas, both near and distant.

The total harvesting area of the Mayurbhanj district is 4.47 lakh hector of which 43.70 percent is highland with very poor water retention capacity. The highlands are generally not suitable for harvesting of crops or orchards. But they are suitable for harvesting of Sabai Grass. The agro climatic conditions obtaining in the district are also suitable for Sabai Grass production. According to general estimate the total production of Sabai grass in Mayurbhanj district of the state is about 15000 to 20000 metric ton/per annum of which some 9000 to 12000 metric ton is converted into ropes and the remainder is used for other purposes. At an average/minimum price of Rs.10 per kg of ropes and Rs.5 per kg of grass the total value of the produce works to Rs.16crore per annum which is quite a significant contribution to the economy of the Mayurbhanj district.

 

(a)Marketing Analysis

The marketing of Sabai Grass in Mayurbhanj district is analysed with the following points taken into consideration that, method of Marketing, Types of Market Place, Setting up Sabai grass enterprise, Marketing Agencies, Cooperative Societies, Market Yard Brokers, Price, Fixation of Price, Distress Sale, Problems of Marketing, Transportation, Storage, Supply of Agricultural Inputs Marketing Information and Role of Government in agricultural marketing.

Traditionally farmers have made decisions on what they should grow, what they should keep for home consumption, and what they are able to sell at the marketplace. In former times sales would have cantered on local markets and it would have been rare for a farmer to venture far a field in search of new market opportunities or to consider developing new, higher value to consider developing new, higher value products. This traditional form of agriculture starts to change as communities and nations begin to modernize. Through processes of urbanization, generally fostered by industrialization, demand for Sabai grass product from urban dwellers becomes dependent upon more sophisticated arrangements that require aggregation of farm produce, transportation, storage, wholesaling, processing and retailing. As cities expand, supply systems develop into increasingly longer and more complex market chains with many market channels and specialization of roles in the market chain based on product type, levels of added value and market segmentation.

 

 Farmers must also provide products and services at a price that is competitive with rival suppliers and there is increasing social pressure to ensure that production systems are environmentally sustainable. To achieve desired levels of competitiveness, farmers and their service providers need to build strategies that incorporate the following elements:

 

A clear market orientation, producing the right product for the right buyer at the right time and price. The establishment of production systems that makes efficient use of existing financial human and natural resources. The incorporation of necessary post harvest handling and processing techniques. Appropriate business and marketing skills and organizational schemes which lead to economies of scale by reducing costs and increasing marketable volumes of produce. Improved links among market chain actors and flows of both market based information and new production technologies.

The NTFP collection and marketing both private and collective domain are equally important. If one suppresses the other, it leads to exploitation of marginalized, inefficient management and non-realization of desired goal. In the first case, no importance was given to collective domain. As a result individuals continued to be exploited in one or other form in spite of corrective measures taken by government.

In the second case on Sabai grass cooperatives, collective domains did not ensure private growth through interdependent accountability. It only aimed at solving marketing problems. This was the case of collective suppressing private domain to a great or small extent. As a result individual producers became less accountable to the cooperatives. The Market value of Sabai rope at present is Rs.13.00 to Rs.16.00 per Kg. as per quality. The Sabai grass from the Forest Corporation and Soil Conservation department Depot is available at Rs.1150/qtl., compared to the rate of Rs.1300 to Rs.1700/quintal in the open market. So the regional income is estimated to be Rs.8.12 to 6.5 lakhs per week, depending on the seasons.

Therefore an attempt was made to appreciate the importance of both private and collective domain through mutually interdependent growth sustenance cycle. Here individuals are encouraged to enhance their living standard through skill up gradation. Commons facilitate the individual growth and ensure most competitive market price. This makes private and common dependent on each other without intruding into others domain or suppressing individual’s enterprising ability. However, as system it is of recent origin, one needs to wait and watch how it works in the long run.

The major functions are:

Attending exhibitions at state, national and international level with rural ethnic products like Sabai grass, Jute products of Mayurbhanj. Organising Pallishree Mela and District Level Exhibition. Assisting DRDA in implementing SGSY scheme from planning to implementation stage. Preparation of model project report based on cluster approach under SGSY scheme. Formulation of unit cost under SGSY for individual and group finance. Developing two key products covering all aspects of micro enterprise right from market identification, technology transfer, improvement of productivity and quality, organizing skill development training, bank credit linkage and market tie-up. Organising training/workshop on related topics design development, product development, micro enterprise development etc for block level functionaries, bankers, NGOs, Integrated Community Development  Scoiety (ICDS) and for Swarojgaris.

(b) Statistical Analysis

The analysis reveals that the 1.0% of the respondents Sabai grass product are purchased by consumers, 3.0% by both consumers and middlemen, 15.0% by Government organization, 31.5% by non-government organization and 47.5% by co-operative enterprises .ORMAS, an apex State Level Marketing Organisation was established with a mandate to provide non-credit inputs like procurement / purchase of raw materials. District Supply and Marketing Society is engaged in market promotion and facilitating marketing of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna (SGSY) and Self Help Group (SHG) products. There are nearly 8000 SHG that have been formed over the years. Sabai Grass Development Corporation was set up in 1994 to provide improved varieties of Sabai seeds and implements to women engaged in cultivation and trade. The bank caters to the farm credit establishment of the farmers through its 15 branches and 52 affiliated LAMPS.

For marketing of the product of the rural people the organization has established marketing channel with ORUPA (Orissa Rural & Urban Producers Association) and other enterprises. The Mayurbhanj Sabai Processing and Marketing Co-operative Society were established at the behest of the Government of Orissa with the main objective of improving the economic well-being of Sabai grass growers in the district.

Statistical Regression Results 

 An analysis has been made to know the effect and significant contribution of indicators towards income from Sabai grass for economic development in the study area. For multiple regression analysis Independent variables taken are

            In most variables the calculated value of the coefficient (Beta) in the regression equation is either negative or insignificantly different from zero. It shows that with increase in income from Sabai grass, the role of transportation (X4) followed by sale (X1) increases. Therefore the factor transportation (X4) and sale (X1) have more effect on the dependable variable (Y) i.e. income from Sabai grass than other factors. It is found that transportation and sale plays important role to increase income from Sabai grass in the study area. The factors like Market trend (X2), Land holding (X3), Age (X5), Education  (X7) and Occupation (X8) have negative impact on income from Sabai grass. It is also observed that the factor family size (X6) has positive impact on income from Sabai grass.

The correlation between a set of obtained scores and same score obtained from the multiple regression equation is called coefficient of multiple correlation. It is designated by `R’. Thus the correlation between Income from Sabai grass and other eight independent factors is 0.586. It means that scores in income from Sabai grass predicted from a multiple regression equation containing independent factors X1,X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 & X8 correlate 0.59 with scores obtained in dependent factor  Income from Sabai grass(Y).  Here R2 is 0.343; this shows 34% of the total variance of dependent income from Sabai grass is associated with the independent factors.            Tabulated value of t-test for transportation (X4) and sale (X1) are more significant and have significant contribution towards income from Sabai grass.

It is also found that, in most variables the calculated value of the coefficient (Beta) in the regression equation is either negative or insignificantly different from zero. It shows that with increase in total income (Y), the land holding (X3) followed by transportation (X4) increases. Therefore the factor land holding (X3) and transportation (X4) have more effect on the dependable variable (Y) i.e. total income than other factors. Hence it is concluded that land holding and transportation are important factor and have significant contribution to increase total income in the study area. The factors like Market trend (X2), Family size (X6), Education (X7) and Occupation (X8) have negative impact on total income. It is also observed that the factor like Sale (X1) and Age (X5) have positive impact on total income.

The multiple correlations between Total Income and other eight independent factors is 0.562. It means that scores in Total income predicted from a multiple regression equation containing factors X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 & X8 correlate 0.56 with scores obtained in factor Total Income (Y).  Here R2 is 0.316; this shows 32% of the total variance of income from Sabai grass is associated with the independent factors.     Tabulated value of t-test shows that the Land holding (X3) is more significant and has significant contribution towards Total Income in the study area.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

for the factors in case of Income from Sabai grass

Source of variation

Sum of Square

Degree of Freedom

Mean Square

F-statistic (Calculated)

Between Row

4035.4979

209

19.3134

1.1322

Between Row & Column

49851.5556

1680

29.5735

1.7336

Between Column

21329.2392

8

2666.1549

156.2920**

Residual (error)

28522.3164

1672

17.0588

 

Total

53888.0534

1889

28.5273

 

Tabulated value of F-test at 5% level of significance for (8,209) degree of freedom = 1.9384 and tabulated value of F-test at 1% level of significance for (8,209) degree of freedom = 2.5113. In case of the above table only between the indicators (column) is significant. The calculated value is 156.2920. This shows calculated `F’ value is more than tabulated `F’ value both at 5% and 1% level of significance.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

for the factors in case of Total Income

Source of variation

Sum of Square

Degree of Freedom

Mean Square

F-statistic (Calculated)

Between Row

4102.3328

209

19.6284

1.1505

Between Row & Column

49554.0000

1680

29.4964

1.7289

Between Column

21027.8042

8

2628.4755

154.0623

Residual (error)

28526.1958

1672

17.0611

 

Total

53656.3328

1889

28.4046

 

 

Tabulated value of F-test at 5% level of significance for (8,209) degree of freedom = 1.9384 and tabulated value of F-test at 1% level of significance for (8,209) degree of freedom = 2.5113. In case of the above table only between the indicators (column) is significant. The calculated value is 156.2920. This shows calculated `F’ value is more than tabulated `F’ value both at 5% and 1% level of significance. In order to know the effect of different factors, viz. (i) fertilizer consumption per hectre of gross cropped area in kgs of nutrients (ii) actual rainfall (in mm) received during the period of cropping (iii) area under Sabai grass crop in hectre a time series analysis has been carried out with the use of a multiple linear regression model. The analysis considers the relevant secondary data of Mayurbhanj District for a period of 5 years i.e. from 2003-04 to 2007-08 being collected for the season of Kharif and Rabi. The analysis has been made for Kharif (Autumn & Winter) season over a period of 5 years taking variable  Y = Production in quintals, X1= Area in hectare, X2= fertilizer consumption per hectare of gross cropped in Kgs of nutrients, X3 = Annual rainfall in mm. and also the analysis has been made for Rabi taking into consideration the above variables. It should be mentioned here that the data on fertilizer consumption have been collected in the form of total consumption of fertilizer per hectare of gross cropped area for each period of cropping i.e. Kharif and Rabi. The analysis was carried out with the total consumption of fertilizer.

Table -A shows linear form for kharif season. From the analysis ,it is found that R2 = 0.984, Adj R2 = 0.870, D-W statistic = 3.181 and F = 9.939. Further, it is seen that intercept value C0 = 80904.922, regression co-efficient of area C1 (coefficient of the variable X1) = -454.962, co-efficient of fertilizer consumption X2 (i.e. regression co-efficient C2) = 11.246 and co-efficient of rainfall X3 (i.e. regression co-efficient C3) = -11.101 and the corresponding standard errors are 14254.836, 121.907, 3.839 and 3.847 respectively. Also, the corresponding t-statistics are found as (5.676), (-3.732), (2.929) and (-2.886).

Table-B shows linear form for Rabi season, it is found that R2 = 0.895, Adj R2 = 0.581, D-W statistic = 2.464 and F = 2.850. Further, it is found that the intercept value C0 = 5007.695, regression co-efficient of HYV area C1 (i.e. co-efficient of the variable X1) = -57.489, regression co-efficient of local area C2 (i.e. co-efficient of the variable X2) = 0.235 and regression co-efficient of rainfall C3 (i.e. co-efficient of the variable X3) = 1.323 and the corresponding standard errors are (1995.389), (72.387), (1.124) and (0.651) respectively. Further, corresponding t-statistics are (2.510), (-0.794), (0.209) and (2.032) respectively.

 

Tabulated value of F-test at 5% level of significance for (3,5) degree of freedom = 5.4095 and tabulated value of F-test at 1% level of significance for (3,5) degree of freedom = 12.060. Similarly, tabulated value of t-test at 5% level of significance = 2.776 and for 1% level of significance = 4.604, where degree of freedom. = 4.

 

ANALYSIS TABLE-A (LINEAR FORM) FOR KHARIF SEASON

Crop (Sabai grass)

Intercept ‘C0′

C1

C2

C3

R2

Adj R2

D-W statistic

F-statistic

Kharif

80904.922

-454.962

11.246

-11.101

0.968

0.870

3.181

9.939

(14254.836)

(121.907)

(3.839)

(3.847)

[5.676]

[-3.732]

[2.929*]

[-2.886]

 

Note : 1)The value given in (  ) is the value of standard error and the value given in [  ] is the value of `t’. statistic.

             2) * represents the significant of the co-efficient at 5% level of significance.

             3) ** represents the significance of the co-efficient at 1% level of significance.

 

ANALYSIS TABLE-B (LINEAR FORM) FOR RABI SEASON

Crop (Sabai grass

Intercept ‘C0′

C1

C2

C3

R2

Adj R2

D-W statistic

F-statistic

Rabi

5007.695

-57.489

0.235

1.323

0.895

0.581

2.464

2.850

(1995.389)

(72.387)

(1.124)

(0.651)

[2.510]

[-0.794]

[0.209]

[2.032]

 

Note: 1)The value given in (  ) is the value of standard error and the value given in [  ] is the value of `t’. Statistic.

             2) * represents the significant of the co-efficient at 5% level of significance.

             3) ** represents the significance of the co-efficient at 1% level of significance.

 

From the analysis table-A, it is found that F-statistics is significant both at 5% and 1% level of significance, where tabulated value is more than calculated value and R2 is more than 0.5 for the Sabai grass crop (Kharif season). It indicates strong relationship between dependant and independent variables. Here, the t-statistic for fertilizer is significant only at 5% level of significance and the corresponding regression co-efficient is significant. Also, the corresponding standard error is significant. It is observed that only in case of fertilizer the t-statistic tabulated value is close to calculated value at 5% level of significance which shows fertilizer only provides contribution to the production of Sabai grass. Use of Durbin-Watson, d-statistics show that no auto correlation is present.

 

From the table-B, it is observed that that calculated F > tabulated F both at 5% and 1% level of significance. F is significant and R2 in more than 0.5. It indicates strong relationship between dependant and independent variables; t-statistics for all the variables are showing insignificant both at 5% and 1% level of significance and the corresponding regression co-efficient are also insignificant, which shows no variables provide more contribution to the production of Sabai grass. Here use of Durbin-Watson, d-statistics show that no autocorrelation is present.

 

For Kharif season fertilizer consumption have more contribution towards the production of Sabai grass, For Rabi season it is observed that all the variables have more or less impact on production of Sabai grass in the study area. Computation of Durbin-Watson , d-statistic shows that no autocorrelation is present.

 

Discriminant Analysis.

 

Discriminant analysis is a method of distinguishing between classes of objects. The values of various attributes of an object are measured and a rule (function) is applied that assigns a classification to that object. The discriminant function arrives at coefficients, which set the highest possible ratio.

 

Table C Standardized Classification Discriminant Function Coefficients

[In case of Income from Sabai grass]

Factors

Income from Sabi Grass

1

2

3

4

5

Sale

1.960

1.994

2.336

2.739

2.724

 

 

 

Market Trend

5.741

5.139

5.033

5.005

5.168

 

 

 

Land Holding

0.357

0.283

0.250

0.183

0.198

 

 

 

Transportation

0.052

0.080

0.150

0.143

0.158

 

 

 

AGE

2.974

3.048

3.121

2.428

2.201

 

 

 

Family Size

9.334

9.794

9.616

10.351

10.273

 

 

 

Education

-0.363

-0.523

-0.478

-0.478

-0.498

 

 

 

Occupation

9.358

9.215

8.208

7.450

7.488

 

 

 

Constant

-55.217

-52.905

-47.792

-43.667

-43.881

 

Discriminant analysis is useful for situations where one need to build a predictive model of group membership based on observed characteristics of each case. The procedure generates a discriminant function (or, for more than two groups, a set of discriminant functions) based on linear combinations of the predictor variables that provide the best discrimination between the groups. The functions are generated from a sample of cases for which group membership is known; the functions can then be applied to new cases with measurements for the predictor variables but unknown group membership. On average, people in family size play more roles for economic development in case of income from Sabai grass. A researcher wants to combine this information in a function to determine how well an individual can discriminate between the two groups.

Table D Standardized Classification Discriminant Function Coefficients

[In case of Total Income]

Factors

Total Income

1

2

3

4

5

Sale

2.508

2.579

2.715

2.270

2.846

 

 

 

Market Trend

4.884

4.873

5.043

4.468

4.881

 

 

 

Land Holding

-0.029

-0.097

-0.007

0.125

0.097

 

 

 

Transportation

0.096

0.158

0.173

0.142

0.184

 

 

 

AGE

2.245

2.675

2.671

3.413

2.445

 

 

 

Family Size

10.375

11.022

11.054

11.952

10.312

 

 

 

Education

-0.342

-0.414

-0.490

-0.334

-0.455

 

 

 

Occupation

9.545

9.507

8.513

8.145

7.558

 

 

 

Constant

-53.604

-55.584

-50.302

-51.096

-43.702

The procedure generates a discriminant function (or, for more than two groups, a set of discriminant functions) based on linear combinations of the predictor variables that provide the best discrimination between the groups. The functions are generated from a sample of cases for which group membership is known; the functions can then be applied to new cases with measurements for the predictor variables but unknown group membership. On average, people in family size play more roles for economic development in case of total income. The researcher found that population size and economic information are important. Discriminant analysis allows estimating coefficients of the linear discriminant function, which looks like the right-hand side of a multiple linear regression equation.

CONCLUSION

The result summarises that the tribals of Mayurbhanj district confront many problems like, education, income source and expenditure pattern, landed property, Government and NGOs support, marketing, packaging and transportation. The bank caters to the farm credit establishment of the farmers through its 15 branches and 52 affiliated LAMPS. Nearly, 85.7% of the people live in small family and 12.9% still maintains their traditional joint family. . The cultivation of Sabai grass is second main occupation which represents 24.8% and only 1.0% are engaged in Government service. The source of income from Sabai grass is 52.9% from the primary source and 47.1% from the secondary sources .The packaging and grading are the most important aspect of marketing any product. 76.7% of the villagers are  depends on the market, 19.0% depends on local hat, 3.3% on both market and hat and only 1.0% use themselves to grade and pack their finished product of Sabai grass for transporting to different market. Due to changes in professional status it has impact on the income. It is also found that changes in age, family size and education do not change the total income in same direction. The land holding and transportation are important factor and have significant contribution to increase total income and economic development of the district..

* Dr.U.N.Sahu, Reader in Commerce,.M.P.C (auto) College, Baripada, Mayurbhanj,757002, Orissa,Ph.No-9437218341
** Mr. Asit Ranjan Satpathy, Seemanta Engineering College,Jharpokharia, Mayurbhanj,757086, Orissa, E-mail-julu_asit@yahoo.com, Ph.No-9861242315

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History

India was under British rule in the 19th century. A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, was similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; the blue banner included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed “Indianness”, Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe.

Flag of British India, 18581947

In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate that would bind the people to the Kingdom of Great Britain. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags. Around this time, nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India’s Muslim population.

The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Bande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper red band  representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom green band  representing the Hindu and Muslim population respectively, and the Bande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist International Meeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.

Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906. Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement. In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.

Gandhi’s flag, introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921

In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol. In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the center. The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. However, soon the Sikhs wanted the banner to include the black colour and Gandhi was forced to address these issues in his writings and speeches. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.

On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential. Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and “national servants”. While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.

The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Congress in 1931

While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi’s writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the freedom struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag. The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.

Indian Flag, the first stamp of independent India, released on 21 Nov 1947, was meant for foreign correspondence.

A few days before India gained its freedom in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones. The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it. The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously. It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.

Design and symbolism

The original sandstone-sculpted Lion Capital of Ashoka preserved at Sarnath Museum. The “chakra” on the flag is derived from this ancient monument.

Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya, an agriculturist from Machilipatnam. The original design Gandhi was presented with included two colours, red for the Hindus, and green for the Muslims. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi’s goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the center for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.

A few days before India became independent on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities. A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India’s first Vice President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The “Ashoka Chakra” in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.

Manufacturing process

Flag size

Length and width in millimetres

1

6300  4200

2

3600  2400

3

2700  1800

4

1800  1200

5

1350  900

6

900  600

7

450  300

8

225  150

9

150  100

The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008. Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law, and the largest size (6.3 by 4.2 metres (21 ft  14 ft)) is flown by the government of Maharashtra atop the Mantralaya building, the state administrative headquarters.

In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968. The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms. Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two weaves used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).

A header of an Indian flag (size 6, date 2007/2008) certified by the ISI.

The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licenced flag production and supply unit in India. Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines. The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre licence to make flags.

Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.

Protocol

Main article: Flag Code of India

Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag

Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both. Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form. The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at the night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated. The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90 degrees, but also reversed. One “reads” a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.

The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country. At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal’s favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag. It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India. The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.

Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.

Display

Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country’s flag

The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings. Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers’ left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker’s right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.

A flag procession

The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.

The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Governors and Lt. Governors, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament and state legislatures, judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and Officers of Flag-rank of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side. The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the President within India, aircrafts display the flag on the side the President embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.

When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all flags should be of approximately the same size, no flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer’s left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the Flag of the United Nations, which can be placed to the right of the Indian flag.

When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag’s breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.

Half-mast

The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered to half mast. While lowering the flag, it is first raised to the top of the pole and then lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height. The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the President, Vice-president, Prime Minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories. The Indian flag can not be flown at half-mast on Republic Day, Independence day, Gandhi Jayanthi, National Week or state formation anniversaries except over buildings housing the body of the deceased. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building. Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast. On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag shall not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.

See also

India portal

Similar flags

List of Indian flags

Footnotes

^ The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya’s original design, but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag.

Notes

^ Virmani 1999, p. 172

^ Roy 2006, p. 498

^ Virmani 1999, p. 173

^ Virmani 1999, p. 174

^ Virmani 1999, pp. 175176

^ Roy 2006, pp. 498499

^ Virmani 1999, pp. 176177

^ Roy 2006, p. 504

^ Virmani 1999, pp. 177178

^ Roy 2006, pp. 503505

^ Virmani 1999, pp. 181186

^ Roy 2006, p. 505

^ Virmani 1999, pp. 187191

^ Roy 2006, p. 508

^ India Postage Stamps 19471988.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.

^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948

^ a b c d e f g h i j k “Flag code of India, 2002″. Fact Sheet. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 4 April 2002. http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html. Retrieved 11 October 2006. 

^ Jha 2008, pp. 106107

^ a b Heimer, eljko (2 July 2006). “India”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html. Retrieved 11 October 2006. 

^ “Finally, Pingali Venkaiah set to get his due”. 30 July 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/hyderabad/Finally-Pingali-Venkaiah-set-to-get-his-due/articleshow/4835923.cms. Retrieved 11 December 2009. 

^ “Tribute to the ‘flag man’”. 10 August 2007. http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2007/08/10/stories/2007081050920300.htm. Retrieved 11 December 2009. 

^ “Flag of India”. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India. Retrieved 2 July 2009. 

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l “Flag Code of India”. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 25 January 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060110155908/http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm. Retrieved 11 October 2006. 

^ “Indian Standards” (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2009. 

^ Ganapati, Priya (25January 2002). “Dhanesh Bhatt:India’s only licensed Tricolour maker”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm. Retrieved 11 October 2006. 

^ a b c Vattam, Shyam Sundar (15 June 2004). “Why all national flags will be ‘Made in Hubli’”. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060522230211/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp. Retrieved 11 October 2006. 

^ a b c d Aruna Chandaraju (2004-08-15). “The Flag Town”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 

^ Chandaraju, Aruna (15 August 2004). “The flag town”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm. Retrieved 17 February 2010. 

^ “The Prevention Of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971″ (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf. Retrieved 11 December 2009. 

^ Press Trust of India (24 December 2009). “Now, Indians can fly Tricolour at night”. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indians-can-fly-Tricolour-at-night/articleshow/5371591.cms. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 

^ “My Flag, My Country”. Rediff.com. 13 June 2001. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm. Retrieved 15 November 2007. 

^ “Union of India v. Navin Jindal”. Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041224041041/http://www.supremecourtonline.com/cases/9305.html. Retrieved 1 July 2005. 

^ “Sport tricolour, not below belt”. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1161089,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 11 May 2008. 

References

Virmani, Arundhati (2008), A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment, Delhi, Permanent Black, ISBN 81-7824-232-X 

Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999), “National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, Marchugust 1923″, Past & Present 164: 169197, JSTOR 651278 .

Roy, Srirupa (August 2006), “A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906″, Journal of Asian Studies 65 (3), ISSN 0021-9118, OCLC 37893507, http://www.umass.edu/sbs/pdf/srirupa_roy_article.pdf 

Jha, Sadan (25 October 2008), “The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite”, Economic and political weekly: 102111, ISSN 0012-9976, OCLC 1567377 .

“Indian Standards” (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2005. 

“India”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html. Retrieved 30 June 2005. 

“India: Historical Flags”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-hist.html. Retrieved 30 June 2005. 

“Flying the real tricolour”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2005. 

“My Flag, My Country”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2005. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flags of India

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Flag of India

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Flag Code of India

“National Flag”. National Portal of India. Government of India. http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_flag.php. Retrieved 8 February 2010. 

“Flag Code of India”. Ministry of Home Affairs (India). http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf. Retrieved 8 February 2010. 

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1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Officially known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan. 

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-08-31  ::  dan

VOICE FOR INDIA

Monday 30 August 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

VOICE OF INDIA STUDENT TO INDIAN GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY
Arise INDIA Awake INDIA………! Where are you still it is 2010.why still India consider as under developing country since we got our independence at in 1947 it’s about to 63years?why still it’s so?
As were our Indians are much developed but why not our country did anybody thought over this?
No really no because we are so busy in earnings! We are so busy in our education in doing higher studies going abroad earning lakhs together. But what the use of earning and becoming rich, only we can lead luxuries life that’s it.
As how proudly we tell to everyone that our country is independent, we are from independent family,
A father or mother tells to their children that our India is an independent country we are freedom here “Hum aazad hai” and gives the knowledge about freedom fighters. We are spoiling our great freedom fighters name; we are only using their name for name shake that’s it. What’s the use of it they died because of freedom to our country but what we all are doing? They struggled a lot for freedom but what we all are doing; we are just making waste to their struggle. Again we are making our country as ruled country.
As for getting freedom at that time they started QUIET INDIA MOMENT, for making British to go from India and really they schussed in that. But what the hell now our government is doing now again thousands of British companies are running in our country & many of our Indians are under ruled in their companies but we are happy over money which they are throwing on us. Today they opened companies in India and making rule on our Indians what about tomorrow they will be the richest among all country again they will start their rule on our country & we will became as before 1947.
For this the only main reason is our India government. First they have to stop promoting British companies to India we should stop giving facilities to them. They will give the handsome money to our politics people and easily enter into our nation and start destroying, our people becoming money minded & they are making use of these peoples & here today or tomorrow we are the sufferer. They are all buying our India peoples as farmers. Think over this if all farmers are going under them because of money then what the hell we are going to eat?? Again we have to eat all readymade food which is produced by them (British). In eating also we will became their slaves.
So the only one thing I have to say is quit such money minded people from higher posts, stop promoting illiterate politics members, we should stop using British items or products, which is out of our Indian government. And we should be the perfect Indians save our country, save our mother land, save tress make India greenery. Live for India & die for India. Stop going abroad for jobs if we work for our country salary may be less but if we make our country developed means we also get handsome of money & we can lead our luxuries life over in our India. MY VOICE TO INDIAN GOVERNMENT:
What the government is doing now days?
Is it destroying the terrorism or building it?
Ya our government are building it. What is the need to keep terrorist in our country after all they took many lives they killed many people and destroyed their families. Many of children’s became far from their family in child age, many of mothers became widowed, after all by that much risk our India department polices arrested them after that much struggle, but what the use of them?
In our country department like police, army, navy etc those who give or sacrifice their life for our nation what the hell our government will give them in return? Only medal because of that medal they will die also but what about their family? What facility dose government give them, ya they will give money that to one lakhs to five lakhs. Think over this one who die for our nation he may be anyone let us take army man who will keep standing whole day & nights at border of our country to protect us & give his life also for us. After his death our government will provide some lakhs rupees to their family over they won’t think how much problem they are facing they just ignore it. But for the hell people like terrorist they will spend corers of rupees as recent example for Kasab who has killed 100′s of people’s who took 1000′s of life’s, but for such bloody person our government has 30+ corers & still keeping him in custody & giving much facilities. For spending that much of money that to for that hell was money comes from? If we sends project over poor people shelter etc for only sectioning the money they will take years together but for spending on such worst people were the money will come from? As I told in my first line that our government “Is destroying the terrorism or building it”? ya since 18+ months our government is taking care & providing facilities for terrorist, he is enjoying his life even after doing such crime.! How nice is it..! Wwwow then everyone wants to lead royal life then everyone should become terrorist aa? Just hang off the terrorist or leave your government seat let other may do it. And if you want to spend money, then spend on nation requirements not for waste for such worst peoples. The main reason for terrorism is government itself; I want the answer for it?
And really I appreciate our Indian police department & our Indian army..!
“Past may be much hold it & prepare for future from this present” Wake up Indians wake up….!
If you wants to do something for our nation & if you have any ideas to make our nation better you can mail me on patil03@live.com am waiting for bright INDIANS.
Jai hind…!

MYSELF SHIVKANTH.PATIL ENGINEERING STUDENT MYSORE
MAIL ME: SHIVKANTH03@ENGINEERING.COM OR PATIL03@LIVE.COM

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-08-30  ::  dan

FREEDOM STRUGGLE – THEN & NOW

Monday 30 August 2010 - Filed under Uncategorized

A section of our media personalities, political leaders, scientists, intellectuals and educationists are the products of foreign universities – USA, UK and for that matter any of the foreign nations. Though educated abroad, each belongs to different schools of thought. Going abroad in pursuit of higher studies, is something great and those who get the opportunities are really lucky. That in anyway does not belittle the significance of getting educated in one’s own country and we have had the luck of producing persons of calibre like our former President and world-renowned scientist A.P.J Abdul Kalam who is anyone’s envy. Indigenous education is also great and in this connection I would like to stress the importance of creating enormous potentials like inviting eminent scientists, professors and scholars in various fields as visiting faculty to India and provide proper coaching to our students who always aspire to scale new heights. So be it.

 

Let’s categorize our political leaders, media personalities and intellectuals into two sections.

 

The first category though educated abroad are/were India-centric and their attention always centred on India. Means, India’s development in various fields, science & technology, betterment of infrastructure facilities like irrigation, transport facilities like roads and railways, electricity, health, education etc, and India’s social development particularly the uplift of those at the lower strata of society.

 

Take for instance, Father of Nation, Gandhiji who went to UK in pursuance of higher studies successfully emerged as a barrister and then went to South Africa where he pursued his career for a while. Meanwhile India was in the midst of freedom struggle seeking freedom from the colonial yoke and upon his arrival he without any hesitation plunged into the struggle and within a short while evolved into the foremost leader of the Indian National Congress and the masses along with other leaders rallied behind him, such was his personal magnetism. He adopted a new path of struggle, that of non-violence and later civil-disobedience. He braved the onslaught of the ruthless British forces and soon turned to be an inspiration for the freedom fighters. “Simple living and noble thoughts” was his mantra and he practiced what he preached.

 

The rest is history. Though pursued his studies in a foreign university that in no way distracted his attention- his patriotism.

 

As father of nation, his everlasting  advice to each Indian is “whenever you see a poor and helpless person anywhere, your foremost duty is to wipe out his tears”.

 

Like Gandhi, our first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Gandhi’s right-hand man pursued his studies in UK and came out as a barrister. Panditji too upon his arrival in India joined the freedom struggle movement and was always in the forefront of the movement. Though born and brought up in an aristocratic family that background in no way pulled him back from the freedom movement.

 

Like-wise a number of eminent persons had flown abroad like USA, UK, France, Russia, Germany, Switzerland for undertaking studies came out in flying colours to the pride of our nation some even chose to settle abroad, as attractive careers with bright prospects made them feel at home in a foreign nation. Sadly a few among the lot nursed bitter thoughts towards their country of origin and even went to the extent of berating, belittling and deriding their motherland through words and deeds.

 

Even a few of our left leaders like Jyoti Basu and Prakash Karat, studied abroad, came back and joined the national mainstream. Though Basu disappeared from the scene, Prakash Karat, an Edinburg product is very much active in left politics and currently he is serving as General Secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist).

 

Similarly many political leaders holding diverse political opinions are also active in the political mainstream. Our Prime Minister Dr.ManMohan Singh, Congress President Sonia Gandhi, Home Minister P.Chidambaram, Janata Party leader Subramanian Swamy, all had their higher studies abroad.

 

Apart from politics leading icons in the media world, and in the field of economics, industry, IT et al are products of various universities abroad.

 

I was prompted to write this piece after going through the weekly column â??Parallax View’ in Sunday Express of 15th August 2010, our Independence day by Vir Sanghvi. Sanghvi is a great media personality every one knows who had his schooling and University education in Britain. He wrote this column for the newspaper from England.

 

The title â??Why the Empire came back to its vassal state’ makes serious and amusing reading at the same time.

 

Thirty years back while he began his schooling there, Indians were viewed by the British men in derision. India was then in a pathetic condition and according to Sanghvi India’s economic scene was quite dismal. And also famine and hunger at its worst.

 

Sanghvi’s English writings were looked upon with amazement as his English was that much good and his colleagues used to ask him â??how come you Johnies write this well?

 

Gradually their mindset began to undergo tremendous changes. The arrival of Indian professionals from Uganda and South African nations who were forced to flee Uganda due to the ruthless reign of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin and for other reasons. These professionals were very adept in their professional skills as also their amazing proficiency in English.

 

The economic reforms kick-started during the rein of P.V.Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister ManMohan Singh, Singh currently is our PM and the neo-liberal reforms initiated by him in 1990′s according to Vir Sanghvi, totally transformed Indian economic scene by encouraging Foreign Direct Investments and providing more facilities for industry by loosening controls according to Sanghvi. The conversion of a centralized economy into a decentralized one had its positive effects according to Sanghvi.

 

He marvels upon the facts that today Britain’s most richest man is L N Mittal, a proud holder of Indian passport.

 

Sunil Mittal, another Indian also is very much in UK and Sanghvi forgets not to mention that he runs a global empire there and he owns a flat in UK not for making money out of England. The man is a well-known industrial icon in India. Sunil Mittal is believed to be the master-brain behind paving the way for spreading a red carpet welcome to the US multinational retail giant Walmart to India through backdoors to the detriment of small-scale retail chains in India.

 

He mentions some other groups also like Hindujas, all quite nice â?? simply put. India’s â??quantum jump’ in growth, Britain looks upon with amazement and according to Sanghvi the recent visit of British PM David Cameroon with a group of businessmen was primarily intended at eyeing India’s commercial market. Put it mildly more than a bonhomie Britain has found a dumping ground in India for their products. This is not Sanghvi’s opinion but treat it as this reader’s opinion.

Centuries back Britain in the guise of East India Company landed in India with their cohorts befriended the local heads and regional satraps and slowly, very slowly began to swallow our nation bit by bit adopting the wily policy of â??divide and rule’. Means, pitting brother against brother and forcing them to engage in a bitter fight and after the prolonged fight when two sides get tired force them to hand over the reins to the East India Company heads under the control of Britain. In the end India got converted into a vassal State ruled for centuries by Britain squeezing the essence of an entire â??nation’. That paved the way for freedom movement lasting for centuries forcing them to flee. That also is history.

 

Yes, India has undergone tremendous progress, look at our GDP growth rate, booming economy, sky-rocketing share-market, progress on the industrial front, IT scene, all music to our ears.

 

But a few always prefer to look from above, concentrate on the top of the pyramid, not the bottom. At the bottom level what all Vir Sanghvi witnessed thirty years ago remains the same. Poverty, hunger, malnourishment, starvation and agriculture scene still in shambles, yes remains same.

A major section of students hailing from elite families right from their childhood days join elite schools and under the hard and severe coaching of teaching faculty and with the care and encouragement of their parents join universities abroad and successfully come out. They are the most wanted in various government departments and private firms and with not much difficulty get absorbed in the aforesaid departments and firms earning lucrative salaries. What they ought to learn first in their school days, sympathy for the downtrodden unfortunately get ignored and they always remain out of touch with Indian reality ie. the total neglect of the masses. I don’t cast aspersions on all such fellows but majority of them remain out of touch with contemporary Indian problems.

 

Britain too prefers not to care the bottom of the pyramid, they like any other developed country need an ideal dumping yard and India fits into that category. Along with the changing times the modus operandi too changes be it that of US, UK or any other developed nation. Today as an eminent writer put it, â??a remote control’ device is enough to colonize a developing country like India and fortunately for some it works well. So what? Even our rulers have no protests or objections. I don’t think they are aware of the dangers lurking behind. Here lies the significance of another freedom struggle.

 

 

Please visit my website : www.reflectnews.com At the very outset,let me introduce myself to you. My name is K.R.Surendran,hailing from a village called Pulluvazhy near Perumbavoor.Five books in Malayalam are there to my credit now,and they are “Pooviriyumkunninte- Santhathikal”(Stories),Gloriyayude Dinarathrangal”(Stories), “Mumbai- Sketchukal”(Novelettes), and \”Indiayude Bhoopadam\” (Novel) and “Pulluvazhy”(novel). Please visit my website: www.reflectnews.com
At the very outset,let me introduce myself to you. My name is K.R.Surendran,hailing from a village called Pulluvazhy near Perumbavoor.Five books in Malayalam are there to my credit now,and they are “Pooviriyumkunninte- Santhathikal”(Stories),Gloriyayude Dinarathrangal”(Stories), “Mumbai- Sketchukal”(Novelettes), and “Indiayude Bhoopadam” (Novel) and “Pulluvazhy” (Novel).  An English novel penned by me -”Some Grassway Realitites With A Romantic Touch”- has been published recently.

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 ::  Share or discuss  ::  2010-08-30  ::  dan